Memorable Quotes for Labor Day

While you plan a fabulous Labor Day weekend, dont forget the workers who have made your life easier because of their efforts. Perhaps the plumber who works in your vicinity needs help to send his children to school. Or perhaps the bus driver who drops your kids to school has never been able to spare the time to take his family on vacation. Can you help them? Can you spare a moment to make Labor Day special for those who work for you? Inspire your friends and relatives to contribute or donate generously to help further the cause of laborers. With these Labor Day quotes, create a stir that awakens the heart  of the nation. Honor Laborers With Quotes Often we turn a blind eye toward laborers and workers who toil to make our lives better. On this  Labor Day, which is always celebrated on the first Monday in September, let us acknowledge and appreciate their effort. Anatole France: Man is so made that he can only find relaxation from one kind of labor by taking up another. Thomas Geoghegan: When people ask me, Why cant labor organize the way it did in the thirties? the answer is simple: everything we did then is now illegal. Abraham Lincoln: If any man tells you he loves America, yet hates labor, he is a liar. If any man tells you he trusts America, yet fears labor, he is a fool. Henry George: Poorly paid labor is inefficient labor, the world over. John Locke: It is labour indeed that puts the difference on everything. Joe Hill: Workers of the world awaken. Break your chains, demand your rights. All the wealth you make is taken, by exploiting parasites. Shall you kneel in deep submission from your cradle to your grave. Is the height of your ambition to be a good and willing slave? Bill Dodds: Labor Day is a glorious holiday because your child will be going back to school the next day. It would have been called Independence Day, but that name was already taken. Marc Chagall: Work isnt to make money; you work to justify life. H. L. Mencken: The only liberty an inferior man really cherishes is the liberty to quit work, stretch out in the sun, and scratch himself. Dorothea Dix: A man usually values that most for which he has labored; he uses that most frugally which he has toiled hour by hour and day by day to acquire. Theodore Roosevelt: No man needs sympathy because he has to work, because he has a burden to carry. Far and away the best prize that life offers is the chance to work hard at work worth doing. Doug Larson: If all the cars in the United States were placed end to end, it would probably be Labor Day weekend.

What Did The First Permanent Colony - 1525 Words

Before Christmas 1606, three ships left London’s Blackwall docks to establish a settlement on Chesapeake Bay, in the New World. The largest ship was heavily armed with 120-ton merchantman, carried seventy-one passengers and crew, including the experienced commander of the fleet, Captain Newport; a highly successful privateer. The second ship known as Godspeed followed with fifty-two men on board, while bringing up on third was the tiny pinnace Discovery, which carried twenty-one men crammed together trying to survive the voyage with few space and very limited supplies. Altogether, thirty-nine mariners and 105 adventurers set out to found what would be England’s first permanent colony in America. Jamestown expedition was not the first†¦show more content†¦John Smith, the General Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isle John Smith, 1632. Planning began to establish a colony on the Chesapeake Bay, James I of England had a peace treaty with the Spanish and would not tolerate piracy, but he allowed the planting of English settlements in North America as long as lands were uninhabited by other Europeans. The Virginia Company of London responsible for promoting and governing the southern colony. The Company created a local council to rule the colony headed by an annually elected president. The goals for Jamestown expedition were to establish England’s claim to North America, search for gold or silver mines, find a passage to the Pacific Ocean (the â€Å"Other Sea†), harvest the natural resources of the land, and trade. The settlers arrived off the Virginia capes on April 26 and the ruling council chose Edward Maria Wingfield, one of the prime movers of the expedition. James River for a couple of weeks, the council selected a site about fifty miles from the entrance to Chesapeake Bay, where they landed on May 14. Naming the settlement Jamestown in honor of their king. The English had settled in a region ruled by a powerful chief named Powhatan. Powhatan’s domain included more than thirty tribes numbering Approximately 14,000 people. The colonists had been instructed by the Company to be cautious in their dealings with the Indians but to

Marry, Queen of Scots Free Essays

Marry, Queen of Scots Do you know the story about the queen of scots who suddenly become a prisoner of England? Maybe some of you dont know yet about this story, maybe you can take a look at google or other site. This book raised the real story that summarized information based on events that occurred both in Scotland, England, Spain, and France. This story begins in 1561 when Scotland was still a free country. We will write a custom essay sample on Marry, Queen of Scots or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main character this true story is Marry. She was Queen of France, but she was also Queen of Scots. Her first husband Francis was the King of the France state, while the title of queen of Scots was born earned a degree from after his father died as King of Scotland. After that, Mary was married to Henry Darnley, her second husband who is a character that is not good like the drunk and philandering love to another woman, and is jealous. This story has a sad climax as long as 20 years in prison even though England didnt visit her son in prison when he was a close friend of the Queen Elizabeth. To improve relations with the Queen Marry with her son, James. Marry before he died, then write a letter that explains the real story about what had happened with his father, Henry Darnley. A letter was entrusted to Bess Curle. Mary is very sincere in accepting the decision of the Queen Elizabeth which will execute him. And he’s very sure of the religion which he believes is a Catholic. until the end of her life. The lessons can we learn from this series is a true story of a Queen’s determination to keep his faith and take back what he owned, and the sense of high responsibility. This is evidenced by a letter written to James. In our lives should not be influenced by other people, it is much less negative impact that could endanger others. These books must be read by all people, like student, general people because it is not age restricted. Structure of sentence aranged with systematically and used vocabulary that allows us to understand and translate a sentence per sentence contained in Book story. In reading this story is not boring because the plot strung together in sequence. Reza Yusuf Haryono 20100140003 How to cite Marry, Queen of Scots, Papers

Comparison between Style and Register free essay sample

It has been a huge problem for the sociolinguists to tell the difference between style and register through the years. All of them have their own theories and ideas about these two notions and certainly there will be many more for the future. To be able to compare the two definitions first I will go through their work and afterwards I will express my personal point of view. Register is a combination of all the parameters of the communicative situation . Register is an occupationally determined variety of language.Register is concerned more with specific language choices whether vocabulary and grammar is formal or informal. Style concerns not only register but looks at the way the words, sentences and paragraphs are put together. According to the role of the speaker, a young lecturer, will speak in different ways when communicating with his wife, his children, his father, his colleagues, his students, when shopping and so on. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison between Style and Register or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each of these varieties will be a register.According to the subject matter or field of discourse, registered varieties are scientific, religious, legal, commercial, of airport announcers, etc. A register is also determined by the medium or mode of discourse. The main distinction is between speech and writing, but in beech also one may find such distinctions as conversation, discussion, debate, lecture, talk. Style is a set of linguistic variants with specific social meaning. Style is not a fixed attribute of a speaker. Rather, a speaker may use different styles depending on context.Additionally, speakers often incorporate elements of multiple styles into their speech, either consciously or subconsciously, thereby creating a new style. According to Allan Bell language style is the dimension of language where individual speakers have a choice. We do not always speak in consistently the same way. In fact we are shifting the way we speak constantly as we move from one situation to another. On different occasions we talk in different ways. These different ways of speaking carry different social meanings.They represent our ability to take up different social positions, and they affect how we are perceived by others. There is another founding of the American sociolinguists William Labor about style as attention to speech. His theory states: style is treated as a result of the amount of attention that speakers pay to their speech. According to Andrew Redford, we are all probably unconscious that we speak differently to a teacher than to our friends over a coffee. We tend on the whole to speak using a more standard dialect with the teacher, and use more non-standard or informal language when having a chat.Similarly, we may find that we speak in a more standard way when discussing some topics say, politics or linguistics than when discussing others yesterdays baseball game, or your neighbors latest antics. Linguistic variability that is dependent on the social context we find ourselves in or the topic of the conversation we are engaged in is usually termed stylistic variation. All in all I can say that style and register are almost the same only with a few differences.Register refers more specifically to the vocabulary or level of formality or informality in a text. It also refers to the grammar of the language. You can have technical, conversational or scientific register depending on the purpose or audience of a text. Style, on the other hand, has a broader meaning. The text can be written angrily, satirically or coldly depending on the ways of writing. It is also aimed at people with different social status, thus if your society status is low your language level will be poor.

Does alternative medicine present a challenge to biomedicine Essay Example

Does alternative medicine present a challenge to biomedicine Essay Alternative medicine such as herbal remedies, Reiki, hypnosis, aromatherapy, and acupuncture are all ancient methods of medicine that have been used to heal patients for centuries. These holistic approaches to medicine are becoming increasingly popular as ways to improve the health and well being of individuals in contemporary societies, now commonly described as complementary medicine. This essay will discuss why people seek alternative or complementary medicine in favour of the conventional biomedical methods. I will then consider whether these holistic treatments challenge scientific medicine, or whether the two approaches can work along side each other. To begin with, I will describe what complementary and alternative medicine is. Complementary medicine is a group of therapeutic and diagnostic disciplines that focus on the individual as whole which contrasts with the biomedical model that views the body and mind as separate from each other. It exists outside the realms of biomedicine and the institutions that teach and provide healthcare based on the scientific approach. Complementary and alternative medicine has been set into groups but it is hard to define where each should go. A report by the House of Lords Select Committee for Science and Technology (2000), divides each therapy into groups ranging from those with a recognised research base, those starting to accumulate a research base, to those with no evidence-based research. There has been an increase in the use of complementary medicine in the fields of those grouped into the researched-based category such as acupuncture, homeopathy, chiropractic, and osteopathy, due to a consistent and coherent epistemology. However, with the best of modern medicine available, why has this increase occurred? We will write a custom essay sample on Does alternative medicine present a challenge to biomedicine specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Does alternative medicine present a challenge to biomedicine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Does alternative medicine present a challenge to biomedicine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One explanation for the increase in popularity is dissatisfaction with conventional medicine. Sharma notes that users of alternative medicine report how scientific drugs do not always work and can cause iatrogenic damage. The biomedical approach focuses on treating and curing the symptoms rather than preventing the cause. This is in contrast to complementary medicine that considers other factors to identify the cause such as lifestyle, environment, diet, and mental health alongside physical symptoms. Emphasis placed on sophisticated technology, pharmaceutical drugs, and surgery often has harmful side effects. Studies have shown that significant numbers of adults in Britain and other countries have used complimentary or alternative therapies. In 1989, the BMJ reported that about one in eight Britons use complimentary therapies. A more recent research study conducted by the BBC has shown that complimentary and alternative medicines are becoming increasingly popular. The number of people using complimentary medicine has doubled over the past six years. The majority of the people surveyed said the main reason they used complementary and alternative medicine was because it worked for them, but other reasons given includes that it was relaxing and that it helped to prevent illness. Practitioners of complementary medicine give longer consultations averaging 1 hour as opposed to 5-7 minutes with a GP. This made patients feel more valued with better communication between themselves and the complementary practitioner. Vickers (2000) notes that recent advances into complementary medicines research show the quality is improving along with sound evidence to support its usage. In addition, medical practitioners in the conventional settings are also recommending patients try some forms of complementary therapies due to the rise of the evidence base. HRH the Prince of Wales and indeed the whole royal family are great believers of holistic medicine. Prince Charles believes many people could benefit from complimentary medicine. The Prince has suggested a national strategy for alternative medicine. By increasing the funding for the Foundation for Integrated Medicine, this could co-ordinate this strategy such as, allocate funding, provide a networking resource, train researchers, disseminate information and monitor research development. He also that more funding should go towards bursaries, fellowships, and research centres within the NHS. Although conventional medicine and complimentary medicine have existed separately, the two are becoming integrated and provided in the same structural site. As Vickers also points out, in 2000 around 40% of GPs in the UK offered access to alternative medicine, osteopathy and chiropractic therapies being the most common. Relaxation classes such as yoga are offered to improve well being in those with mild anxiety or depression. Those who practice osteopathy and chiropractic treatments now registered in these fields with regulatory bodies, often work alongside biomedical practitioners within the NHS. The NHS are calling for more funding for research into complementary medicine in the UK and recently funded two trails of acupuncture for the treatment of chronic pain and help to individuals to stop smoking. The former is proving to be effective although the latter is not so effective. The greening of medicine suggests the two methods working together would force complementary medicine into the biomedical paradigm. It argues this because biomedicine originated from science and scientific studies that are proven and empirical, whereas complementary medicine is viewed as murky. The two methods are very different from another and a different way of thinking about health. The meeting of the two approaches in my opinion can work together effectively as attitudes towards complementary medicine has shifted in emphasis to more of a belief in the empirical evidence that supports its efficacy and effectiveness. Biomedicine was once suspicious of complementary medicine but the two now work closely in research and clinical trials. Complementary medicine and its therapeutic relationship has shown to be effective for a number of reasons, for example patient empowerment and more communication between doctor and patient with longer consultations. To conclude, this essay has highlighted some of the reasons why many people in society prefer to use complementary and alternative methods to improve their health and well being. The increasing trials and a strong evidence base give empowerment to individuals in making decisions about desired health care. In addition, as there is more acceptance within the medical profession with around 1 in 10 GPs now recommending its usage improved access to alternative and complementary therapies under the NHS should be addressed. Not only does it alleviate pressures of an already over stretched health care system in terms of resources and time, some therapies are proven to work and improve the physical health and mental well being of those who use it.

life and death essays

life and death essays Society should pay more attention to animals and their rights. In my opinion, pursuing a vegetarian lifestyle is more humane. Animal cruelty should be publicized so people can be aware of the torture their dinner has gone through. Cows, Chicken, and pigs are the three main animals that we consume. Virgil Butler is a former employee of the Tyson chicken slaughter plant in Grannis, AR. In 2003 Virgil stated I have seen the chickens blinded by the ammonia fumes that build up in the houses. ...Ive seen chickens starve...because their feet were stuck in the muck... Cull the runts [means] pulling their heads off (Butler 1). Its obvious already that no living creature should be treated with such disrespect. Turkey and chicken are genetically altered to grow twice as fast and twice as large as an average turkey or chicken as of 20 years ago. All living creatures should be able to live their live the way most human beings do. Obviously they cant make money or get married, but they should be treated the same, in the fact that animals should not have to live their whole life in a cage, or have to be given hormones so farmers can make more money. There is no reason for man to take the life of a cow or pig for his own nourishment. With knowledge of the food pyramid everyone should be taking in approximately two to three servings a day. One serving is around two ounces; 1 tablespoon (15 milliliters) of peanut butter, plus 1/2 cup (118 milliliters) of cooked dry beans is equal to two ounces. Already you are done with one serving, and no one has to die for it. I wouldnt be able to live off of peanut butter and beans any longer then the next guy, and those arent the only options. Plants also can provide you with protein, and the ones containing the most are : lentils, tofu, nuts, seeds, tempeh, miso, and peas. When becoming a vegetarian you need to also be aware of a vi...

Development strategy to increase overall capacity at Mumbai Dissertation

Development strategy to increase overall capacity at Mumbai International Airport - Dissertation Example Moreover, it will also displace 65000 people. Even the land is not in the government’s possession as yet. Better sites are available yet the government insists on the same place. This research has been conducted to study the strategies adopted to satisfy the demand for the expansion of the airport and whether these strategies are viable in the future also or not. The methodology is the questionnaire and interview methods. Findings reveal that the government may have vested political reasons to insist on the same site. The environment is being damaged, it has safety issues and the size of the airport is not sufficient for the next 25 years. Moreover, the land doesn’t have room for further expansion. Suggestions like taking the matter to the supreme court, looking for new sites, reassessing the current project plan, media involvement and making efficient use of the current airport have been given along with other suggestions to resolve this politically afflicted issue. TA BLE OF CONTENTS Chapter1-Introduction 1 1.1 Chapter introduction 1 1.2 Background 1 1.3 Problem definition 1 1.4 Aims of the Research 2 1.5 Motivation of Author 2 1.6 Hypotheses 3 1.7 Methodology and sources of the data in the research 3 1.8 Layout of the research report 3 Chapter 2-LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 Introductions 5 2.2 Pestle Analysis 6 2.2.1 Political 6 2.2.2 Economic factor 8 2.2.3 Social Factor 9 2.2.4 Technological Factor 9 2.2.5 Legal Factor 10 2.2.6 Ecological Factor 11 2.3 Swot Analysis 12 2.3.1 strengths 12 2.3.2 Weakness 13 2.3.2.1 traffic routes 13 2.3.2.2 increase in fares 14 2.3.2.3 flight landing delays 14 2.3.2.4 Destruction of the environment 15 2.3.2.5 political agendas 15 2.3.3 Opportunities 15 2.3.3.1 better utilization of the current Mumbai airport 15 2.3.3.2 Pouring of FDI 16 2.3.3.3 Development of the tourism industry 16 2.3.4 Threats 17 2.3.4.1 No focus on detail 17 2.3.4.2 airport site 17 2.3.4.3 Future expansion 18 2.3.4.4 Environmental threats 18 Chap ter 3-Methodology 19 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 Researcher’s role 19 3.3 Method 20 3.3.1 Subjects for the research 20 3.3.2 Questionnaire research method 21 3.3.3 Questionnaire type 23 3.3.4 Interview method 24 3.4 Collecting and arranging the data 26 3.5 Trustworthiness of the method 27 3.5.1 Reliability 27 3.5.2 Validity 27 3.5.2.1 Ethical validity 28 3.5.2.2 Generalized validity 28 Chapter 4-Findings and result analysis 29 4.1 Introduction 29 4.2 Hypothesis 1 29 4.3 Hypothesis 2 32 4.4 Hypothesis 3 33 4.5 Hypothesis 4 36 Chapter 5-CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 39 5.1 Conclusion 39 5.2 Recommendations 41 5.2.1 Reassess the project plan 41 5.2.3 Improving the overall commuting system 42 5.2.4 Relocate the airport 42 5.2.5 Environmentalists 42 5.3 Limitations 42 6. Appendix 44 7. References 46 Chapter1-Introduction 1.1 Chapter introduction In chapter one, the introduction to the research paper is given. Along with the introduction, a brief background is also given with the prob lem definition, hypotheses, aims and objectives, methodology and the layout of the entire paper. 1.2 Background The research is on the strategies that have been applied for the expansion of the Mumbai airport. According to Jog (2011), the current airport is reaching exhaustion, as it is not able to accommodate more than 30 million passengers annually. Thus strategies have been formulated to either use this airport more efficiently

M&s clothing business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M&s clothing business report - Essay Example The implication here is that if Marks and Spencer were not attempting to reach out to the more fashion-conscious consumer, its primary competitors would be BHS and Evans. The fact is, however, that the company is trying to reach beyond that particular market as evidenced in the fact that it has hired new designers and has development new fashion lines which target the younger generation of male and female adult fashion consumers (Marks and Spencer, 2007). Within the context of the above stated, Marks and Spencer's primary competitors are Next, Topshop and Gap. These three command the lion's share of the fashion-conscious, working adult clothing market for two reasons. They provide quality clothing at reasonable prices and are perceived of as trendy and fashionable (Marks and Spencer, 2007). Marks and Spencer may be recognised for the first but definitely not for the second. The implication here is that it stands in a weak position vis--vis its primary competitors, largely because of market perceptions. As indicated in the above, Marks and Spencer faces two types of competitors. The first type, related to the older generation fashion market, is comprised of Evans and BHS.

Technology Solutions for Human Services Paper Essay

Technology Solutions for Human Services Paper - Essay Example field of Human Services is broadly defined, uniquely approaching the objective of meeting human needs through an interdisciplinary knowledge base, focusing on prevention as well as remediation of problems, and maintaining a commitment to improving the overall quality of life of service populations. (National Organization for Human Services ,2009) Technology, having its roots in the application of science, can be termed as the type of knowledge that involves the implementation and origin of the technical METHODS AND the way these methods correlate with everything surrounding it such as life, society and the environment. The implications of technology have become a norm in present day world. Men and women alike do not see the passing of any of their days without the involvement of technology in it. If it is said that children born today are born having the spoon of technology in their mouths it would not be incorrect. The advent of technology has greatly improved the everyday living standard of every man in our society. The use of technology brings serious and lasting changes in just about anything concerned. The states of some phenomenon with and without implementation of technology are poles apart. Technology brings influence and enhances the usability. It is the current need of the day to incorporate technology in every aspect of life. Technology has been considered as a vital tool for assisting human services. Execution of a number of human services can be made much easier as the implementation of technology has delivered solutions to quite a number of problems that the human services’ departments are facing the world over. An attempt to classify the problems being faced in the human services’ facilitates of an organization has been made below. Furthermore, it is discussed that how can technology be used to address the problems being faced. Community Development is the process whereby social services are provided for the betterment of humanity on the

Probity, Resilience, and Conscientiousness in Medical Career

Probity, Resilience, and Conscientiousness in Medical Career Research suggests that the attitudes and behaviours that medical students show, or develop at  Medical school, are reasonable predictors of behaviour later in their professional careers. Bearing this in mind, explain the following concepts and outline what relevance they have to you  as a medical student and as a future doctor: Probity, Resilience, and Conscientiousness. The population often have a set of traits in mind when it comes to defining the ideal doctor. [1] The GMC have also defined what is expected of doctors in their publication â€Å"Good medical practice†. [2] In this essay I will explain the concepts of Probity, Resilience and Conscientiousness to allow me to launch into how they are relevant to me as a medical student and a future doctor. Probity is defined by the GMC as being â€Å"honest, trustworthy and acting with integrity†. [3] The importance of Probity is echoed internationally as the National University of Singapore conducted a study, the results of which showed that doctors regarded being honest and trustworthy as the two most important characteristics of medical practitioners. [4] Medical students must demonstrate probity in a variety of ways but I believe a medical student’s probity will most likely be shown by producing original academic work, not plagiarising and flagging up any concerns regarding their clinical work [3] since these, in my opinion, are some of the pits where some students will most likely fall. I personally believe I demonstrated probity during my community based medicine placement when a patient, in a one on one interview, asked me to give him medical advice, which I was in no position to do and so I told him to speak to his doctor about it along with letting him know that I’m not a doctor, but a medical student. A lack of probity in this case will have resulted in the patient receiving advice that might have harmed them regardless of any good intention behind it. Moreover, plagiarism was flagged up by an article where the BMJ suggest that research might show that students don’t have a complete understanding about referencing properly. [5] While this lack of understanding might not mean that the student is dishonest, the aforementioned article highlighted that 56% of students had already or would consider copying text and only listing it as a reference which is clearly plagiarism and so a show of dishonesty. This is relevant to me because research has shown that doctors who have been sanctioned by governmental bodies were three times more likely to have been unprofessional as a medical student than control students. [6] A show of probity is, as such, important from day one in medical school. An example of a situation where a doctorâ€⠄¢s lack of probity caused preventable consequences to a member of the public in addition to likely tarnishing the profession’s reputation in the public eye is the striking case of Doctor Derek Keilloh who maintained a dishonest account of his treatment of an inmate. [7]Another case was that of Dr Holloway who claimed pay for sick leave while pursuing a career in sports commentary. [8] In my opinion, the latter case ties in with and verifies the GMC’s earlier guidance on how students must be honest when working with allocated funds. [2] These two cases demonstrate to me how important it is to show and develop probity as a medical student and maintain it throughout my career or the consequences on patients and staff at the work place can be dire. Conscientiousness is defined as â€Å"wishing to do one’s work or duty well and thoroughly† [9]. Patient interviews highlighted that being â€Å"thorough and persistent† [1] was a trait the ideal doctor possessed. This was echoed by Sister Donna Keenan, Northern Ireland’s nurse of the year 2010. [10] Not performing one’s duty thoroughly is not a new issue amongst the medical profession: A newspaper article from 1952 summarised the case of a surgeon who had left forceps inside a patient causing unnecessary suffering. [14] Looking more recently, the notorious case of the Mid-Staffordshire scandal [11] can be used, in my opinion, to demonstrate a lack of conscientiousness on the part of the guilty staff involved. I think the rise in mortality rates was likely preventable if the staff involved had demonstrated thorough care to their patients. It could also be argued that the lack of whistleblowing in this case was yet another show of medical staff not p erforming their duty persistently and thoroughly since whistleblowing is part of a doctor’s duty, even as a medical student. [3, 11] I believe even the smallest show of conscientiousness can improve a patient’s experience such as when I relayed a patient’s complain regarding his bed-side television malfunctioning to my supervisor during voluntary work: The following week, the patient said that my â€Å"persistence† had allowed him to occupy himself and hence take his mind off his illness to relieve himself. The importance of this trait was highlighted in my mind even further upon reviewing the case of Jesica Santillan who received organs of the wrong blood type, resulting in her death. [12] This case also shows me that such careless practice can impact others as well the patient involved: In Jesica’s case, the organs could have saved another life but they went to waste. Reflecting on all three cases, it is clear that it’s critical for medica l students to develop a sense of conscientiousness if they are to become effective doctors or if they are to, in fact, even pass their examinations in medical school. However, it is worth taking note that research suggests conscientiousness (as measured by the conscientiousness index-CI) did not differ significantly between the first and second years of medical school and so showing it is a trait unaffected by â€Å"teaching and clinical exposure†. [13] This is relevant to me as a student because I believe it highlights that simply going through the first year of medical school will not be sufficient to develop a sense of conscientiousness; while some students might already have a strong sense of conscientiousness, those who don’t will need to seek/be offered support as it is an important characteristic. [13] Resilience is defined as â€Å"the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness†. [15] A report commissioned for the GMC highlighted that a significant proportion of medical students continue to suffer from mental health issues: it was described as endemic. [16] This is backed up by Swedish research showing that depressive symptoms were much more prevalent amongst medical students than the general population, at 12.9%. [17] A more shocking statistic is that, in the same study, 2.7% of students had attempted suicide. [17] The fact that this study was conducted in Sweden demonstrates that stress and depression associated with medical school is widespread around the globe and it would be wise to devise ways to deal with it. Another issue regarding the stress we face, as medical students, is that we often dismiss our deteriorating health as a normal part of life as a medical student. [18] To complicate things further, the stress we face can stem from a variety of reaso ns from performing mediocrely in an exam when we have always been at the top of our peer group to traumatic experiences related to clinical attachments such as patient death. [18, 22] I believe this variety makes the stress much more difficult to deal with. In the light of said stress, it is clear that being resilient will allow students to deal much better with their day to day life as a medical student and future doctor. [19] Not only is this important for the student/doctor themselves, it is also critical as it affects the quality of treatment the patient receives. [20] Students can burnout and this can be modelled conceptually where the â€Å"coping reserve† is positively and negatively affected by several factors which will either lead to burnout or a more resilient individual. [21] As a result, it is clear that devising mechanisms and ways of raising one’s morale and knowing when to seek support is very important in developing the resilience needed. Personally, I ’ve found that speaking to my colleagues and being able to relate to them very stress relieving alongside with phoning my close family to seek advice and generally vent out my concerns. However, I think the main component of my resilience is my active involvement in the sport of boxing which keeps me physically healthy, allows me to de-stress regularly and induces a sense of achievement within me to allow me to focus on my medical life so I can deal with the copious demands of studying Medicine. [23] In conclusion, Probity, Conscientiousness and Resilience are essential qualities medical students and doctors must develop. Probity allows patients to place their trust in the doctors and ensure it’s not abused while allowing the practitioners themselves to feel satisfied with their honest work. Being persistent and thorough with one’s practice will ensure any set tasks/treatment plans are done to an adequate standard. Finally, resilience will ensure that the individual can cope with the demands and challenges posed while still being able to give their best to the tasks at hand and their patients. Consequently, it is vital all three qualities amongst other qualities not covered in this essay are developed throughout one’s professional life. Reference list Miranda Hitti. 7 Key Traits of the Ideal Doctor. [Internet] Available at: http://www.webmd.com/news/20060309/7-key-traits-of-ideal-doctor (accessed 16/11/2014). General Medical Council (GMC). Good Medical Practice, 2013. GMC and Medical Schools Council (MSC). Medical students: professional values and fitness to practise, 2009. Fones CS, Kua EH, Goh LG. What makes a good doctor?views of the medical profession and the public in setting priorities for medical education. Singapore Medical Journal 1998; 39(12): 537-542. [Internet] Available at: http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/10067397 (accessed 16/11/2014). S.C.Rennie, J.R.Crosby. Are â€Å"tomorrows doctors† honest? Questionnaire study exploring medical students attitudes and reported behaviour on academic misconduct. British Medical Journal 2001. [Internet] Available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/322/7281/274 (accessed 16/11/2014). Maxine A. Papadakis, M.D., Arianne Teherani, Ph.D., Mary A. Banach, Ph.D., M.P.H., Timothy R. Knettler, M.B.A., Susan L. Rattner, M.D., David T. Stern, M.D., Ph.D., J. Jon Veloski, M.S., and Carol S. Hodgson, Ph.D. Disciplinary Action by Medical Boards and Prior Behaviour in Medical School. The New England Journal of Medicine 2005. [Internet] Available at: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa052596#t=abstract (accessed 16/11/2014). Clare Dyer. ‘Doctor who denied he saw Iraqi detainee’s injuries is struck off medical register, British Medical Journal. 21 December 2012. [Internet] Available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e8686 (accessed 16/11/2014). Clare Dyer. ‘Doctor who claimed sick leave while working as sports commentator is struck off, British Medical Journal. 27 October 2014. [Internet] Available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g6455 (accessed 16/11/2014). Oxford University Press. Definition of conscientious in English (accessed 23/11/2014) [Internet] Available at: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/conscientious GMC. What makes a good doctor? [Internet ] Available at: http://www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/10058.asp (accessed 23/11/2014) Isobel Weinberg. The Mid Staffs scandal. Student BMJ 2013.[Internet] Available at: http://student.bmj.com/student/view-article.html?id=sbmj.f941#What did the report recommend? (BMJ 2013;346:f847) (Accessed 23/11/2014). Joel D. Howell. ‘A Death Retold: Jesica Santillan, the Bungled Transplant, and Paradoxes of Medical Citizenship (review)’. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 2008; 82(2): 498-499. [Internet] Available at: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/bhm/summary/v082/82.2.howell.html (accessed 23/11/2014). Andrew T Chaytor, Jacqueline Spence, Ann Armstrong and John C McLachlan. ‘Do students learn to be more conscientious at medical school?’ BMC Medical Education 2012, volume 12. [Internet] Available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/12/54 (accessed 23/11/2014) The Advertiser. ‘Doctor Found Negligent In Forceps Case.’ 21 June 1952 [Internet] Available at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47411162 (accessed 23/11/2014) Oxford University Press. Definition of resilience in English (accessed 23/11/2014) [Internet] Available at: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/resilience Andrew Grant, Andrew Rix, Karen Mattick, Debbie Jones, Peter Winter. ‘Identifying good practice among medical schools in the support of students with mental health concerns’ GMC July 2013. Marie Dahlin, Nils Joneborg and Bo Runeson. ‘Stress and depression among medical students: a cross-sectional study’. Medical Education 2005; 39(6): 594-604. [Internet] http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02176.x/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=userIsAuthenticated=false (accessed 23/11/2014). Julie M. Rosenthal, and Susan Okie, M.D. ‘White Coat, Mood Indigo — Depression in Medical School’. The New England Journal of Medicine 2005 [Internet] Available at: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp058183 (accessed 23/11/2014). Amanda Howe, Anna Smajdor and Andrea Stà ¶ckl. ‘Towards an understanding of resilience and its relevance to medical training’. Medical education 2012; 46(4): 349-356. [Internet] Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04188.x/full (accessed 23/11/2014). Fabiana Hirata, Monica Lima, Veralice de Bruin, Paulo Nobrega, Germano Wenceslau and Pedro de Bruin. ‘Depression in Medical School: The Influence of Morningness-Eveningness’. Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara 2007; 24(5): 939-946. [Internet] Available at: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07420520701657730 (accessed 23/11/2014). Dr. Laura B. Dunn M.D., Dr. Alana Iglewicz M.D., Christine Moutier M.D. ‘A Conceptual Model of Medical Student Well-Being: Promoting Resilience and Preventing Burnout’. Academic Psychiatry 2014; 32(1): 44-53. [Internet] Available at: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1176/appi.ap.32.1.44 (accessed 23/11/2014). Haglund, Margaret E.M. MD; aan het Rot, Marije PhD; Cooper, Nicole S. PhD; Nestadt, Paul S.; Muller, David MD; Southwick, Steven M. MD; Charney, Dennis S. MD. ‘Resilience in the Third Year of Medical School: A Prospective Study of the Associations between Stressful Events Occurring During Clinical Rotations and Student Well-Being’. Academic Medicine 2009; 84(2): 258-268. [Internet] Available at: http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/2009/02000/Resilience_in_the_Third_Year_of_Medical_School__A.38.aspx (accessed 23/11/2014). Mental Health Foundation. ‘Exercise and Mental Health’. [Internet] Available at: http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/help-information/mental-health-a-z/E/exercise-mental-health/ (accessed 23/11/2014).

Ghana: The Gold Coast of Africa Essay -- Geography

Ghana: The Gold Coast of Africa The Gold Coast, now known as Ghana, is one of many civilizations of Africa. It was a British Colony until March 6, 1957, when it became independent as the State of Ghana. In 1471, the Portuguese invaded this area and became involved in gold trade, giving the region the name, The Gold Coast. They built forts to protect their monopoly of gold trade from merchants representing other nations. In 1642, the Dutch West India Company captured all Portuguese strong posts and they devoted their interests in slave trading rather than gold trading. In the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, the Gold Coast was one of the chief West African sources of slave export. At the beginning of the Nineteenth Century the countries involved in slave trading began abolishing it as illegal and immoral. The British abolished it in 1807, the Danish is 1804 and the Dutch in 1814. In 1821, British forts were transferred from private ownership to government control. The Gold Coast became a British colony and the new government was known...

Human Population Growth Essay

No matter what organism you are talking about, all living things possess the ability to reproduce. This comes in two forms. The first form of population growth is Exponential Population Growth. The second is Logistic Population Growth. Exponential population growth refers to when a population is not subject to any limiting factors, it will grow and expand exponentially even past the capacity of the environment to sustain. Rabbits are a good example of this form of population growth, â€Å"Thus, the exponential growth model explains how a few dozen rabbits can multiply into millions and overrun a continent. † (Simon, Reece, & Dickey, 2010) Logistic population growth refers to when a population reaches the capacity of the environment to sustain, the population growth declines. Fur seals of St. Paul Island are a good example of this, â€Å"After hunting was controlled, the population increased rapidly until about 1935, when it began to level off and started fluctuating around a population size of about 10,000 bull seals—the carrying capacity for St. Paul Island. † (Simon, Reece, & Dickey, 2010) Humans tend to exhibit exponential forms of population growth. We rapidly reproduce and expand, exceeding the carrying capacity of the environment. This leads to us spreading to other areas and exceeding the carrying capacity there as well.

Extension of the jubilee line Essays

Extension of the jubilee line Essays Extension of the jubilee line Essay Extension of the jubilee line Essay Canary Wharf Canary Wharf tubing station is on the Jubilee Line between Canada Water and North Greenwich. It was opened as an extension of the Jubilee Line on 17th September 1999 and is in Travelcard Zone 2. Canary Wharf is a big office and shopping development composite in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, of East London. Though A ; lsquo ; The Square Mile is the traditional fiscal country of London, Canary Wharf is place to three tallest edifices: One Canada Square, 8 Canada Square and The Citigroup Centre. Major Bankss like Barclays, Credit Suisse, HSBC and Citigroup, jurisprudence houses like Clifford Chance, media houses like Thomsons Reuters and Trinity Mirror are housed in Canary Wharf. The figure of employees working here exceeds 100,000 of whom 25 % unrecorded in Canary Wharf. With an addition in residential population, shopping composites, hotels, eating houses, saloons, wellness attentions and leisure installations, and art galleries continue to turn here. Abundant star hotels in Canary Wharf provide quality service. Canary Wharf is an uncomparable residential and official urban country in the full universe. In fact, 500,000 people shop at Canary Wharf in the weekends. On the site of the West India Docks on the Isle of Dogs, Canary Wharf was built. Michael Von Clemm, former president of Credit Suisse First Boston ( CSFB ) , ab initio converted it as a back office. Then, a pool of investors led by Morgan Stanley was mostly responsible for change overing Canary Wharf into a booming fiscal territory. Hotels In Canary Wharf Tube Station, London There are more than 75 hotels near Canary Wharf tubing station. Many 4-star and 3-star hotels in Canary Wharf offer service that is par excellence. You can happen many well-equipped service flat hotels in Zone 2. The Canary Wharf hotels are impressive in their magnificence and service. The Canary pier hotels cater to the concern conferencing services in a professional mode. Luxury Hotels In Canary Wharf Tube Station, London Hilton London Canary Wharf is a hotel in South Quay, Marsh Wall, London. Located at the bosom of concern, shopping and eating houses, this 4-star hotel has 400 finely equipped suites. This hotel in Zone 2 provides 9 meeting suites, executive suites, executive sofa, concern Centre, sweat room and a secondary school. Britannia International Hotel is a 4-star hotel in Marsh Wall, London. They concentrate on supplying meeting and conference room installations chiefly because this is a hotel near Canary Wharf. This hotel in the East London has 442 en-suite sleeping rooms, 13 conference suites, and elegant eating house called A ; lsquo ; Crompton . Italian Pizzeria, a Conservatory Bar and Jenny s Bar are ideal topographic points to loosen up in London. Radisson Edwardian New Providence Wharf is a hotel in Fairmont Avenue, London. Defined as a 4-star hotel near Canary Wharf tubing station, they provide 169 luxuriously accommodated suites and modern conferencing installations. This hotel in East London offers a host of comfortss like Wi-Fi cyberspace entree, concern Centre, the Azura Restaurant and the East River watering place. Saco @ The Landmark, London is a service-apartment in Marsh Wall, London. This hotel in Zone 2 offers 17 smart flats with Molton Brown toilet articless, and modern-day designed kitchens and dining country. Minc Apartments are one and two sleeping room executive flats in Boardwalk Place, London. This hotel in Zone 2 has 11 suites with sophisticated trappingss, modern kitchen and on site car-parking installation. Marlin Apartments are serviced flats in Byng Street, London. Centrally situated hotel in Canary Wharf makes it a popular hotel. This hotel in East London offers 81 self-serviced flats with epicurean trappingss, broadband cyberspace entree and under floor warming installation. Economic And Mid-Range Hotels Near Canary Wharf Tube Station, London Canary Centre by BridgeStreet Worldwide is a serviced flat in Cassidys Road, London. This hotel in Zone 2 has 100 fashionable sleeping rooms. Large populating country, response, kitchen and dining country makes this a popular hotel near Canary Wharf tubing station. City Stay hotel is a 2-star hotel in Bow Road, London. Offering 17 en-suite adjustments at low-cost monetary values makes this hotel in Zone 2, a often visited one. This hotel near Canary Wharf station offers Continental breakfast at A ; lb ; 4 A ; lb ; 5 per twenty-four hours. De Vere Venues Devonport House is a hotel in King William Walk, London. A unusually beautiful hotel in Zone 2, it is faultless for its magnificence. This hotel near Canary Wharf tubing station offers first-class conferencing, preparation and meeting installations inclusive of free auto parking and internet entree. Basic Budget Hotels Near Canary Wharf Tube Station, London Hour Glass Hotel is a budget hotel in Beaconsfield Road, London. This hotel near Canary Wharf station provides 8 comfy suites in a homely atmosphere. A modern kitchen and shared bathroom installation is available in this hotel in Central London. A ; lb ; 35- A ; lb ; 45 is the approximative monetary value charged by this hotel near Canary Wharf. City Inn Express is a budget hotel in A Mare Street, London. This hotel near the East End Markets offers 22 clean and furnished suites at A ; lb ; 45/night. The Uplands is a little hotel in Crystal Palace Road, London. There are 5 comfy suites in this hotel near the London Eye. The suites are cheap at A ; lb ; 40/night in this hotel near the Canary Wharf Station. It is estimated that more than 40 million people pass the Canary Wharf station, every twelvemonth. The countries around Canary Wharf have become flush. Therefore, Canary Wharf is the strongest symbol of the alteration in economic geographics of the UK. With over 200 dress shops, hotels, stores and eating houses Canary Wharf is a judicious mix of manner, nutrient and concern. The Canary Wharf Tower is a tall and pyramid shaped edifice that light up the Docklands skyline at dark. Some of the popular eating houses are: Itsu, a Nipponese Sushi saloon on Cabot Place East, Chilli s Grill and Bar helping Mexican and American culinary art, Carluccio s for Italian. The favorite saloon articulations are The Slug and Lettuce, All Bar One, Play on Sports and Bar on Fisherman s Walk. Brodie s offers reviewing summer drinks, unrecorded music and a comprehensive bill of fare. Half Moon Young People s, Unicorn and Greenwich are the theaters environing the Canary Wharf station. Business, Fashion, Food and Leisure is the life style of the flush from Canary Wharf.

The Late 19th and Early 20th Century to Build Solidarity

The Late 19th and Early 20th Century to Build Solidarity Introduction From medieval times, the conflict between employers and workers has existed in the labor sector. During the 19th and 20th centuries, labor sectors witnessed a number of transformations. Owing to constant poor working conditions, extended working hours, poor remuneration, and exploitation by employers, workers devised strategies of advocating for their grievances (Yellen, 1974).Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on The Late 19th and Early 20th Century to Build Solidarity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among other strategies, workers formed trade unions and used them to present their grievance collectively to their employers. Historical conflicts between employers and workers have always centered on the struggle for power in the workplace. According to Ashenfelter (1969), states workers perceived that by forming trade unions, they would have a high bargaining power that would enable them to advocate for thei r demands. Despite the presence of labor unions, workers occasionally employed riots and strikes as strategies of advocating for their grievances and enhancing their solidarity. When trade unions and employers failed to reach an agreement on their demands, workers resorted to riots and strikes as effective strategies of advocating for their demands and grievances. Therefore, this thesis argues that labor unions, riots, and strikes were effective strategies that workers employed to enhance their solidarity at their workplace during the industrialization period. Strategies of Solidarity Labor Unions Labor union was one of the effective strategies that workers used in enhancing their solidarity at their workplace. Labor union promoted solidarity and oneness among workers in various organizations and companies. To enhance solidarity among workers, union leaders encouraged them to form unions so that they could undertake collective bargaining of their demands in aspects such as wages, sa laries, working conditions, and contractual terms. According to Wolman (1975), what promoted the growth of trade unions in America was the determination of workers to improve their working conditions and prevent exploitation by employers. In their determination, the founders of trade unions argued that solidarity of the workers was fundamental in enhancing their bargaining power in the labor sector. With enhanced bargaining power, workers were able to advocate for their demands and improve their solidarity. Therefore, labor unions proved to be effective in enhancing solidarity among workers in their workplace.Advertising Looking for thesis on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the ability to increase the bargaining power of workers and enhance their solidarity, labor unions also experienced a number of shortcomings. Johnson (1969) argues that trade unions were capable of causing massive strikes and demo nstrations, which eventually halted the industrial activities and operations. The strikes had a disruptive effect on the growth of industries and countries, as well as on their economies. As labor unions catered for workers who were members of the union only, it resulted in discrimination of those workers who were not members to the unions. Many employers, therefore, hired workers who were not members of the unions and subjected them to atrocities and exploitations that related to work. The discrimination hampered the power of workers’ unity and solidarity in their workplace, which was the core component of the labor union. Riots Workers also employed riots in the 19th and 20th centuries to enhance their solidarity at the workplace. Since riots were very destructive, employers had no alternative except to stop the riots by addressing workers demands and grievances urgently. David (1963) states that the results of the riots were beneficial to the workers as it encouraged them to come together and compelled the employers to address their demands and grievances. However, it was detrimental to the organizations as they incurred losses from these riots. When employees felt that the organization, industry, or company was exploiting them they would organize riots to create a platform that they could use in presenting their grievances to their employers. A good example is the Haymarket riot in 1886, which took place in the state of Chicago. As a result, riots were very instrumental in enhancing solidarity of workers in the workplace during the industrial period. Despite their effectiveness, riots had a number of disadvantages such as widespread destruction of industrial infrastructure and loss of lives. For instance, the Haymarket riot, which took place in the state of Chicago, caused the deaths of seven police officers and four workers.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on The Late 19th and Early 20th Century to Build Solidarity specifica lly for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Riots also affected the growth and the economic development of those areas adjacent to the industries that experienced frequent riots of workers. Riots affected economic activities because businesses and other operations within the vicinity took days or even months to resume normal operations (Foster, 1920). In spite of the destructive nature of riots, workers employ them when portraying their unity and advocating for their demands. Strikes Workers also used strikes as a strategy to enhance their solidarity. When workers felt that their employers were undermining or exploiting them without addressing their grievances and demands properly, they usually organized strikes. The Homestead strike in Pennsylvania is one of the notable strikes used by workers in presenting their views. Strikes brought workers together since it would address their challenges, and thus enabled them achieve their unity and oneness. Lens (1973) a rgues that strikes were beneficial because they compelled employers to address grievances of workers appropriately. Strikes also helped to bring workers together and make them to achieve the much-needed solidarity. Strikes were also instrumental in the creation of labor unions. In this perspective, strikes played a major role in the late 19th century and the early 20th century in enhancing workers’ solidarity at the workplace. Although strikes played an important role in uniting workers and enhancing their solidarity, it had a number of shortcomings. In the late19th century and early 20th century, many economies of countries such as the United States and Britain were highly dependent on industries. According to Olzak (1989), labor unrest and strikes halted worker operations in these industries until employers and workers came to an agreement regarding the demands of workers. The strikes greatly affected the industrial operations in these countries as well as their economies.A dvertising Looking for thesis on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, the strikes also put some workers in a dilemma because they wanted to remain loyal to their employers or abide by the requirements of striking workers, and risk losing their jobs. Another challenge posed by strikes is that small business enterprises sometimes had to close down, since strikes would incur them losses and completely cripple their operations. Despite these shortcomings, strikes were effective in enhancing workers’ solidarity at the workplace. Conclusion Workers’ solidarity was critical in that it created a platform that helped workers to present their grievances and demands to their employers. The solidarity of workers also enhanced strength and bargaining power of workers, thus enabling them to advocate for the improvement of working conditions and remuneration. The solidarity also ensured that workers accessed standard working hours and good working relationships. It is of significant to note that strategies employed by workers in promoting their solidarity in the United States in the 19th and 20th centuries were effective and practical. Hence, a critical aspect is that these strategies reflect on the contemporary societies. References Ashenfelter, O., Pencavel, H. (1969). American trade union growth: 1900-1960. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1(1), 434-448. Coates, D. (2000). Models of capitalism: Growth and stagnation in the modern era. London: Cambridge University Press. David, H. (1963). The History of the Haymarket Affair. New York: Collier Books. Foster, W. Z. (1920). The great steel strike and its lessons. New York: BW Huebsch. Grob, N., Billias, A. (2010). Interpretations of American History: Since 1877. New York: Simon and Schuste. Johnson, G. E., Ashenfelter, O. (1969). Bargaining theory, trade unions, and industrial strike activity. The American Economic Review, 59(1), 35-49. Lens, S. (1973). The labor wars: from the Molly Maguires to the sitdowns. London: Doubleday. Olzak, S. (1989). Labor unrest, i mmigration, and ethnic conflict in urban America, 1880-1914. American Journal of Sociology, 94(6), 1303-1333. Wolman, L. (1975). The Growth of American Trade Unions, 1880-1923. London: Arno Press. Yellen, S. (1974). American labor struggles, 1877-1934. New York: Pathfinder Publishers.

Contemporary issues in marketing-Apple Inc Essay

Contemporary issues in marketing-Apple Inc - Essay Example The intention of this study is Apple Inc, previously known as Apple Computer, Inc., as a multinational corporation based in United States of America. It designs, manufactures as well as markets wide range of electronics and computer products or hardware as well as various computer software. It was established in 1976 in Cupertino, California, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne, although Wayne got dissociated from the company the next year itself. The first product they sold was Apple I personal computer kit, which was actually a motherboard of a computer, and included a CPU, RAM and some video related chips. It was hand-built by Steve Wozniak, and included only the basic components of the today’s computer. After functioning for 30 years as Apple Computer, Inc. it became Apple Inc in 2007, as the company focused on the consumer electronics sectors like Cellphones, in addition to its traditional area of computers. As mentioned above, Apple Inc. started off with compu ters particularly its Macintosh line of computers. From that start, Apple Inc. is now offering wide range of products and that includes Computers, the iPod (both audio and video features), the iPhone and iPad. Other than these hardware products, Apple Inc. also offers software applications like Mac OS X, an operating system for its line of computers, iOS, a operating system for the mobiles, iTunes online store as well as media browser; the iLife a multimedia tool, wide range of apps or applications for iPhones and iPads. Market segmentation The market segments of Apple Inc. does get restricted to particular territories, it sells its products through the world, thus catering to various geographical market categories. However, with the prices of its products mainly in the upper ranges, it does not sell its products maximally in low-cost markets. Although, it sells its products in low Cost markets like least developed and developing countries in Asia, Africa and South America, it does not cover all markets, and sells only minimally. When one views market demographically, as mentioned above, people from different age-groups, different sex, etc. buy its products. The customers of Apple Inc. include people from various sections of the population or various market segments, who want to buy electronics hardware as well as software for their day-to day living, entertainment and also for their professional work as well. As Apple Inc. offers range of day-to-day used products, particularly mobile phones, it is being used by customers of all ages, who want a Smart phone to fulfill their professional commitments as well as entertainment quotient. On the same lines, iPad is being bought by customers who want portable computing for the above mentioned purposes. iPod on the other hand are bought by the customers, particularly in the age segment of 15-35, mainly for entertainment. Along with these, Apple’s other products and softwares are also used by â€Å"professional content creators like authors, musicians, artists, filmmakers who want tools that free them to focus on their art, not the technology† (Chazin 2007). As Apple Inc. offers products constituting different product market categories, its competitors include various companies and products. When one focuses worldwide, the competitors of Apple Inc. in the Personal computer segment are Dell, HP, etc, in Operating systems, it is Microsoft Windows, in mobile phones, it

Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenile Justice - Essay Example Failing to complete the program message or continuing it on a steady platform the ultimate outcome will be the message to be distorted or incomprehensive for the young adult. The quality of delinquency of preventive programs in the school system have been heavily correlated with the outright success of the program all together. When the program is not implemented completely and successfully the outreach of the program on youths is processed at a failing return. An example of a program would be any program where implementation is assessed by organization capacity, organizational support (training, supervision, principal support), program features - manuals, implementation standards, quality control mechanisms, and integration into normal school operations, local initiation, and local planning (D. Gottfredson and G. Gottfredson 5-7). Directing the message with the use of these characteristics can implement a more successful outreach within the school. Aside from delivering positive mes sages to youths there is the likely little or no contributions being made on behalf of the adolescent’s parents.

Carolingian Empire During The Middle Ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carolingian Empire During The Middle Ages - Essay Example Accordingly, this brief essay will attempt to consider the overall effects that the Carolingian Empire had o formulating the basic understandings of culture and statehood that eventually developed into our modern interpretation of France as it has existed for the past 1200 years. One of the preeminent problems with pre-Middle Ages Europe was that it was a highly tribalized and lacked any type of cohesion or unity after the collapse of the Roman Empire. The power vacuum that was created caused a litany of tribes to stake out territorial claims throughout the continent and beyond and seek to raise a form of society and individualized culture from out of these constructs.1 It was not until Charlemagne came long that a sense of cohesion was begun to be implemented by right of conquest within the tribes that now constitute modern day France. The dawn of the Carolingian Empire was of paramount importance to the formulation of a modern day understanding of France due to the fact that Charle magne and his progenitors were able to incorporate the use of a common language and religion among the areas and tribes they conquered. As any student of history knows, these two factors alone are powerful forms of congealing a given area into the idea that nationhood/statehood. In this way, Charlemagne, as one of the first actions of the Carolingian Empire, sought to congeal his grip on the territories in and around modern day France. One of these ways was to ensure that the encroachment of the Muslim Moors was stopped at the Battle of Tours. This event in and of itself was a massive victory for the definition of Christianity and statehood of the Frankish peoples. With respect to the subsequent Carolingian Renaissance, as historians have called it, the name itself is a bit of misnomer due to the fact that the Carolingian Renaissance did not have the far reaching societal effects that later European renaissances would have. Rather, the Carolingian Renaissance was almost entirely pre dicated on a restoration of the glory of the Roman Empire.2 Although this in itself was not necessarily a bad end to strive towards, the effect of the renaissance on enlightening the populace, changing social mores/norms, and giving way to higher and greater interpretation of art was severely constricted.3 The artistic developments during the period include the literary development of the Vulgate Bible, the development of Romanesque art and the illuminated manuscripts that were indicative of Byzantine iconoclasts (such as â€Å"Christ in Majesty† from the Aberdeen Bestiary), and the further development of distinctly Pre-Romanesque architecture in Europe (such as The Palatine Chapel in Aachen).4 What these three things have in common is the fact that each of them is merely a development of something that had previously existed; rather than a new interpretation of an old theme. In this way, the actual nature of the â€Å"Carolingian Renaissance† has been called into ques tion as compared with the later fuller renaissances that took place within Europe. Rather than seeking to propagate new styles and new ideas, the Carolingian Renaissance seemed to point backwards to a time of European history that was long gone yet still remembered fondly. Although the Carolingian Empire was a key determinate in establishing the idea of modern statehood within Europe, one could argue that as compared to the artistic expression and sociological

International Student Life Essay Example for Free

International Student Life Essay I am a international student who are studying in America. My goals are improving my English and enter a collage. Studying in America has a lot of advantages, such as we can learn new cultures. But Studying in different country is a difficult thing for teenager, for example, we need to adapt to new surroundings. First, studying in America, it is a good thing for me. For example, I can improve English faster, because I have to communicate with teachers, students and my homestay in English every day, I can more practice my spoken. But in China, even though I studied in English school, I spoke Chinese most of the time in my life. The second, I can study a lot of new cultures. For instance, I can study ways of greetings in America. When people get back home, they will say â€Å"Did you have a good day? † then, people will talk about their life. When my homestay ask me, †Did you have a good day? † I am feeling very warm. But in china, when I got back home, I just said† Dad, Mum, I am coming back! † So in my opinion, American greetings could promote sentiment between the parents and friends. Finally, I can make friends who can speak English. Such as my friend who name is Myahri. She is from Turkmenistan. She is very nice to me. She taught me how to stay with American family, how to make American friends and how to write essay. She often encourages me. I had a lot of benefit from her. I really cherish this friend. Everything has two handles. Studying in America also has a lot of disadvantages. we need to adapt to new surroundings. For instance, American schools have different school system. In China, students take their all the classes in the same classroom, and the student locker is in their own classroom. But in America , I need take next period book and find next period classroom in five minutes. Sometimes I even have not time to go to bathroom. Then because of cultural differences, for example, American like using Email, but Chinese do not like using Email such as me. I hardly use Email in China. At beginning, because of my regular habit, I missed lots of important information. The last point is language problem. For instance, my English is not good. So some of the classes is very difficult to me. Sometimes I need spent many times doing my homework. Because I need translate questions and handouts. It is hard to keep grade for international student. Studying in America is a difficult thing, but if you try to make America friends, it is very helpful to you. American friends will make your like more colorful. You need spend more time staying with homestay, it will develop relationship between you and your homestay. It is helpful for your daily life. Finally, I think that football is good to know. Everyone in America likes football game. This is a good topic to talk with people. In general, also studying in America is difficult thing to me, but I think that studying in America has more good than bad. This is good chance to improve myself. And studying America , I can have more chance to enter famous university.

Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor

Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor Abstract Recently there are significant amount of research work undergoing about tissue engineering and bioreactor designing. Therefore, there are so may research paper published around the world. It may use embryonic stem cell, mesenchymal stem cell, tissue graft or other animal spaces tissues or cell for development of human and animal medicine treatment. In that case there should be some ethics and laws to control the usage of the tissue or cell in the medical treatment. Some government organizations and private sector by independently or by joining do some research work about the tissue engineering and bioreactor designing. The cardiovascular system is the major disease problem in the human and animal medicine treatment. In recent decade there are cell and tissue engineering and the bioreactor designing involving treating the cardiovascular disease condition. Researchers may try to develop heart valve, wall and blood vessel etc. Hole in the heart is complex congenital heart diseases, in n ew born babies and leading causes of mortality. The treatment of this kind of the cardiovascular disease only performed surgery correction, the very painful after the surgery at tolerate by baby. When correcting the hole, that must have closed properly otherwise it lead to another problem to the young one, but measurement of the diameter of the hole is very difficult and correction also very difficult. In the recent decade there is stem cell therapy and the tissue engineering has rapidly developed. By using stem cell and tissue culture there are so many researches and development of the treatment about cardiovascular system. Myocardial tissue engineering developed the heart tissue by using the stem cells in three-dimensional matrices of biodegradable polymers scaffold is the innovation of the myocardial constructs and cardiovascular treatment. Introduction The heart is the most important organs in the human body. It transports blood to the organs, tissues, and cells of the body. Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell and removes the carbon dioxide and waste products excreted by those cells. A Holes in the Heart is an opening in the septum between atria or ventricles of heart, this is congenital condition. 8-10/1000 live born babies has congenital defects in the heart. This condition occurred during the babys heart does not develop inside the womb; no specific cause for this condition, but some increase risk of being born. If mother had German measles or toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, or if she has diabetes, or if someone else in her family was born with a heart complaint. A hole in the heart may be noticed in the first few months of life or even before the baby is born, sometimes a hole is not found until a person is much older. This often happens when the hole is between the upper chambers of heart. It may notice person a re feeling a bit short of breath and dont know why. But sometimes there are no complaints at all. Because of the hole, the flow of blood through the heart is abnormal. This makes noises in the heart, so a doctor can find the hole by listening to the heart with a stethoscope. If the doctor hears a murmur, this tells the doctor there could be a hole. If the doctor thinks there is a hole, person will have an echocardiogram ultrasound test of heart. Sometimes the hole isnt found until a person is much older when they notice they are feeling tired and breathless and cant find a reason for it. Some holes are so small that they cause no problem and are left alone. Some holes in small babies may close by themselves: if the cardiologist thinks this is likely, he will not close it immediately, but wait for some time to see if it has closed by itself, by repeating an echo. Other holes must be closed, either because they are already a problem, or because they will cause a problem in the future .   There are three different types: Atrial Septal Defect (ASD): this is a hole in the wall between the atria (interatrial septum). This causes more blood to flow to the lungs and may not have any symptoms; the excess flow can damage the lungs. If the hole is small, and doesnt affect the function of heart, theres no need to fix it. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): this is a hole in the interventricular septum or wall between two lower chambers (RV and LV). If its large, can change the mechanics in heart. This makes the heart work harder than it should and can enlarge it. If the hole is small, and doesnt affect the function of heart, theres no need to fix it. Atrioventricular Septal Defect: this is a large hole in the middle of heart between the atria and ventricles. Some people with this condition only have one valve between the atria and ventricles instead of two. This defect can also damage the lungs by allowing too much blood to flow to the lungs. Although this condition is uncommon, t can be found in babies born with Downs syndrome. VSDs are the commonest lesion about 25-30% of all congenital heart defects whereas ASD are about 5-8% of them. Another point to remember is that all of us are born with small ASD. However, VSD is never found in normal heart. The only treatment available  was surgical closure. Though the ultimate outcome was good, these children had to inevitably suffer the pain, scar and long hospital stay. There are two ways to do this. The first way is via an operation called catheterisation. This is when a cardiologist puts a tube into leg that goes up towards heart.   Then put a device through that tube so that it fits into the hole. When its in the right place, the device opens like a little umbrella, and blocks the hole. The device stays inside forever. This is not possible, because of the size, shape or position of the hole. In these more complicated situations, a surgeon will perform an operation where he puts a patch over the hole directly. If holes have between the two pump chambers of the heart that stay open, will need antibiotic treatment at certain times. This might be before having other operations or serious treatment at the dentist.  Most patients who have ASD/VSD corrections go on to lead perfectly normal lives. Person will be followed-up for a short period, but if everythings OK after a year, wont need to worry about it ever again. It also doesnt increase the chances of having any other heart-related issues in the future but should take regular exercise and aim for a healthy diet. After correction of the hole in the heart there are low risk for structural degeneration, thrombo-embolism and endocarditis and growth potential for paediatric patient. From 1970s onwards, a group of cardiologists started thinking differently. They experimented on animals by creating holes in their hearts and then tried closing them without surgery. Gradually they replicated the whole procedure on humans. For the last twenty years, nonsurgical closure or device closure has bee n the normal. Adult life heart muscle cells do not proliferate, if there is damage or injuries happened to the heart, functional tissue try to form the non-functional scar tissue. In 1996, 98 Klug et al. Suggest that development of human Embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes help for therapy of cardiac disease. There are some experiments done by using stem cells. Stem cells are the cell ability for self-renewal and the potential for differentiating into mature cell types. The embryonic stem cells can give rise to almost every mature cell type, while adult stem cells are classified as restricted to differentiation into only few types of mature cells. The mesenchymal stem cell can only differentiate to one specific mature cell type, are referred to as precursor cells. First clinical applications of stem cells for cardiac regeneration comprised cell transplantation trials. These trials were less successful than promising preclinical studies; these efforts initiated intense research activities providing new insight into the mechanisms of tissue growth and differentiation. Cardiac tissue engineering is focused on three different organ subunits: the myocardium, valves, and vessels. These three compounds of the heart can already be replaced by artificial or biological transplant constructs with th eir respective limitations, like assist devices, commercial heart valves, autologous coronary bypasses, etc. When developing the heart tissue must consider produced cardiomyocytes, vascular endothelial cell and the smooth muscles cell. Engineering these tissues must compete with the durability, efficiency and safety of existing substitutes and be affordable at the same time. Tissue engineering is the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function or a whole organ, includes an in vitro. During designing of bioreactor, physiochemical environment maintain is very impotent, that will help to kept high quality of the stem cells and high degree of reproducibility of the cells. But must make sure cell culture has developed under sterile environment and sufficient nutrition and waste product exchange throughout the medium and clean and maintain the medium. After that, design some mechanical and hydrodynamic force to compression or expansion of the developing tissue, like shear stress to the tissue. Then maintain steady flow of media in pulsatile manner and reduce the excessive turbulence in the fluid flow rate. Other than that, must provide the low volume capacity for effective use for growth factors and medium, also select the fabricate material compatible with the heart tissue or stem cell. The bioreactor designing for heart tissue development must determine some specific design and functional requirement. Both biomechanical and biochemical factors affect the growth of t he cell therefore essential to create some control mechanism by stimulate the physiological environment for heart cell growth, like pulsatile forces, pressure, flow rate, compression, expansion, shear stress, frequency, stroke rate and stroke volume. Other than that, when creating heart tissue must consider cardiac flow rate and pressure. When consider the design the bioreactor, there are nutrition, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste product, pH, temperature and humidity are main important biochemical controls affect the growth of the cell. There than the flow rate, volume, shear stress, pressure, resistance and compliance like biomechanical controls also involved in the cell growth. Therefore, specific bioreactors are need for the growth of the stem cell. Because inside the body, cells are always stimulated by mechanical, electrical and chemical signals, these influencing their behaviour. In fact, biological tissues adapt their structure and composition to surrounding specific and funct ional demands. By putting cells alone or only in contact with materials in culture medium is not enough to obtain a functional tissue. In vivo, the heart valves are subject to a unique combination of mechanical stimuli, including flexure, shear stress, and tension (Vesely and Boughner 1989). In growth of the embryonic stem cells require temperature, partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, pH, and shear force and biochemical conditions of their micro- and macro-environment. Then try to find homogeneous and constant conditions for micro- and macro-environment for the entire cells population. By uneven cell distribution, lack of nutrition and oxygen and insufficient extracellular matrix production cause some limitation to bioreactor scaffold in stem cell culture. Therefore, get rid of those must make to stem cell onto polymers, which will increase the mechanical strength of the heart tissue construction and develop subsequent tissue formation. To develop a bioreactor to provide cyclic flexural stimulation, to demonstrate the operation of the bioreactor and sterility maintenance and to evaluate the effects of unidirectional flexure on the effective stiffness of bioresorbable polymeric scaffolds which have been used extensively in the tissue engineering of the heart tissue. Therefore, must design the devices for closed controlled environment in which biological and/or biochemical processes are developed maintained pH, temperature, pressure, nutrient supply and waste removal, with high degree of reproducibility of the heart valve. Therefore, bioreactors are particularly crucial for the regeneration of complex 3D tissues. The bioreactor was designed using 3D software. The structural element of the device was machined from polysulfone; chosen for its excellent thermal and chemical stability; and abrasion-resistant acrylic; which provides good optical transparency. Culture medium was Dulbeccos Modified Eagles Medium with 4.5 g/L glucose and L-glutamine supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Antibiotics were excluded to assess the intrinsic ability of the bioreactor to maintain sterility. When developing scaffold use the degradable material and permanent materials as in artificial implants and in use of cells. Then preparing scaffold must test in vitro and in vivo how they hypotheses of scaffold and cell interaction, scaffold effect on tissue growth and 3D environment effect on stem cell differentiation. Scaffold materials consisted of a non-woven mesh of polyglycolic acid(PGA) fibers dip-coated with poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB), and a non- woven, 50:50 blend, mesh of PGA and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) fibers dip-coated with P4HB. The PGA and PGA/PLLa scaffold had an approximate fiber diameter of 0.012-0.015 mm and density of 69mg/ml. Rectangular scaffold sample were cut to size (approximately 257.5x2mm) and dipped briefly into a solution of P4HB in tetrahydrofuran (1% wt/vol), resulting in a P4HB coatin g following solvent evaporation. P4HB is a bioresorbable thermoplastic that allows for scaffold to be moulded into any shape. Scaffold were cold gas sterilized with ethylene oxide prior to use. The use of bioreactors, chambers which provide the flow of nutrient media for the development and culture of heart valves construct, to provide an environment which as closely as possible mimics the natural in vivo conditions. These bioreactors have been designed for pulsatile flow, driven by a pulsatile pump, which leads to the exertion of only a positive pressure. This is not the case in vivo, as during the cardiac cycle the positive pressure exerted by fluid force is slightly counterbalanced by a little vacuum. Stem cells grow in vitro under bioreactor conditions must provide the nutrient and they produced the nitrogen contain waste product, but they sensitive to the nitrogenated waste product. This will be varying with the tissue and that will change the shear stresses effecting on the tissue. The oxygen pressure is maintained at set constant value with calculated volume of solution added every time to the medium. Other way round maintained the carbon dioxide pressure at set cons tant value with calculated volume of waste product removed from the medium. Oxygen is most important nutrients for cells in all aerobic metabolic cycles. It is the limiting nutrient in successful tissue growth in vitro, sufficient amounts of oxygen to the surface of the cells mainly because of the poor solubility of oxygen in culture media. In that case hypo-oxygen or hyper-oxygen stresses will be concern the stem cell culture causes of programmed cell death or apoptosis. Therefore, adjust the stem cell for the anaerobic cell metabolism with low oxygen tension (40 mmHg) and low pH or for aerobic cell metabolism with higher oxygen tension (80mmHg) and high pH. Then living tissue is sensitive to pH changes in the medium, during maintain of the oxygen level must maintain the pH also. Other than that glucose and lactate are providing to cell metabolic process. Therefore, they act as the indicator for cells activity. In the bioreactor environment stem cell proliferates and increased the mass that leads the limitation of the final size of the tissue grow. Other than that, there are spaces to pass oxygen and nutrient throughout the scaffold otherwise this also leads to limitation of the tissue growth. Therefore, bioreactor must design to proper diffusion of oxygen and the nutrient and mass proliferation; cell will survive and proliferate within 150-200 µm distance. Shear stress will affect the tissue culture growth, most of the stem cell responds to it. They are proliferating according the orientation of the flow direction. In that case stem cell can aggregates by using higher shear stress that can be used for tissue function and viability. If design the rotating bioreactor that can decrease the shear stress and avoids the contact between the cells and the wall of the bioreactor, chamber must permanently rotate with one direction and control to forming uniformed growth of the tissue. But if design the non-rotating bioreactor then must create the specific mechanical stress applied on the cell culture, by perfusion solution can passed through the cell tissues by flow through the culture chamber. Some experiments were demonstrated that the shears stress 0.1 dyn/cm2 was ideal for stem cell to growth. If that exceeds the shears stress 1 dyn/cm2 were damaged the cells and the shears 0.01 dyn/cm2 were insufficient to promote the growth.   Bioreactors have developed functional heart tissue in vitro environment over specific biochemical and physical signals known to regulate cell differentiation, by improving the formation of the heart tissue by proving uniformed mixing pattern, transported the nutrient to enhance the cell growth and hydrodynamic or mechanical stimulation for stem cell to develop. Simple static flasks or a magnetically stirred flask is not suitable environment for 3-dimensional heart tissue scaffolds to develop. To develop the lowest possible homogeneous cell number for heart tissue, must grow the cell with uniform and efficient of porous scaffolds. When compare the cells seeding into mixed petri dishes yield with the static loading of the cell into the scaffolds has thicker constructs and more spatially uniformed distribution of cells. By seeding in rotating vessels or mixed flask must maintain a uniformed suspension of isolated cells and provide a relative velocity between cells and the scaffold durin g seeding. Dynamic seeding using mixed flasks will show to achieve seeding efficiencies approaching 100% but led to cell densities higher at the scaffold periphery. Therefore, when design bioreactor; must provide the scaffold perfusion with a cell suspension in alternate directions, which lead to the more homogenous seeding on a variety of scaffold with potential yield. Once the cells are associated with the scaffold, cell-polymer constructs can be cultured in bioreactors applying specific regimes of fluid flow. Selecting rotation wall vessels bioreactor The bioreactors are used for proliferation of cells on a small or large scale, to generate 3D tissue constructs, a certain process must occur. That case the cells are proliferated in a bioreactor to provide the quantity of cells needed. The cell loses their specialized characteristics during the process of proliferation is the problem. Therefore, microcarrier culture used for improves cell expansion significantly and that mixed the bioreactor system well. After the cell proliferation they must associate with enhanced heart tissue formation. In above process cells must receive proper nutrition and a stable environment. There for controlled the temperature, optimum pH, sufficient substrate, water, salts, vitamins, and oxygen. The Rotating-wall vessel culture is the best bioreactor for culturing constructs stained intensely, and homogeneously for scaffold for their cross-sectional area. Inside the bioreactor a dynamic flow generated by a rotating fluid environment is an alternative and efficient way to reduce diffusion limitations of nutrients and wastes. The rotation produced the low level of the shear stress to the cells, creating mechanical stimulation. Other than that, there are other mechanical forces that affect the cells during growth, like mechanical compression, hydrodynamic pressure, and fluid flow. They will affect the magnitude, frequency, and duty of the bioreactor cycle.   To control the free-falling state adjusted the rotation speed, it protects the fragile tissue by decreasing the shear stress and avoiding the contact between cells and the walls of the bioreactor. During 1990s NASA scientist did some research about the microgravity involved in to the cell tissue of the mammals. They used the closed tubular cylinder forms the systems cell culture chamber, which filled with a liquid medium where the cell grows on micron-size beads. The chamber has rotated along the horizontal axis; in that case they allowed the cell to develop in an environment like the free fall of microgravity. They supply oxygen and nutrition through a porous wall in the chamber, as same way they removed the waste product and the carbon dioxide. The rotating wall vessel bioreactor is providing the conditions of weightlessness for microbes by growing them inside of a slowly rotating liquid-filled chamber. The process of the rotation liquid has counteracted with slow sedimentation of the cell by creating a constant free fall of the cells through the culture medium. While rotation cell gets a slight sheer stress from liquid, lead to avoid the flattened on the bottom of the container. The scientist used the clear shell for allowed to check growth and cylindrical filter holds on the centre for supply the oxygen and nutrition and removed the carbon dioxide and waste products. And, they insure the fluid rotation without shear stress would leads to destroy the cells. They noticed rotation vessels did not cancelled the gravity, but that maintain the cells in continual free fall environment inside the shell.   Bioreactors for the application of physical forces to engineered cartilage tissues. In the rotating wall vessel system (A), the rotational speed is adjusted so that the drag force of the medium (Fd) is balanced by the centrifugal (Fc) and gravitational (Fg) forces. The constructs are thus maintained in a tumble-slide regime and the resulting dynamic laminar flow enhances the production and accumulation of cartilaginous extracellular matrix. Specific culture chambers (B) have been developed for the application of direct deformation to engineered constructs. Chambers include wells to allocate tissue constructs (I), a magnetic bar for medium stirring (II), an inlet/outlet port for medium change (III), a cover lid to maintain sterility (IV), and micrometer screws to accurately establish the contact position between the plungers and each specimen (V). The cell seeding is effects of shaking speed and initial cell concentration in suspension on cell culture medium, therefore cell seeding must do in efficiency. In that case initial seeding density and cell distribution within the scaffolds must understand. Initially cell concentration is low, in that time seeding efficiency and initial density will decreased with increasing shaking speed. But high initial cell concentration that will reverse the result. All the different cell concentration uniformity of the cell distribution decreased with increased shaking speed. But under the same shaking intensity were observed with on significant differences in uniformity between cells with different initial concentration. In vitro the tissue engineering of heart tissue structures is to develop combined cell seeding and perfusion system. Cell seeding is consisting of whole system, that incorporated into the perfusion system and air-driven respirator pump connected to the bioreactor. Therefore, ce ll culture medium is closed-loop system that will continuously circulate. Therefore, scientist developed a cell seeding device for static and dynamic seeding of vascular cells onto a polymeric vascular scaffold and a closed-loop perfuse bioreactor for long term vascular conditioning. By using cell seeding chamber can be easily connected to the bioreactor, which have combines continuous pulsatile perfusion and mechanical stimulation to the tissue -engineered conduct. In that scientist adjust the stroke volume, the stroke rate, and inspiration/ expiration time of the ventilator allow various pulstile flows and different levels of pressure. Discussion When selecting of the scaffold consider the biocompatibility, reproducibility, biodegradability, ability to be processed to complex shapes, ability to support cell growth and proliferation and mechanical properties of materials. Other than that, scaffolds must have similar electrical and functional activity with create systolic force. The limited availability of the incubator space; the place where the multiple bioreactors place, in this space multiple bioreactors must be places. Development of the stem cell is temperature depended process, any cells grow at body temperature in optimal level therefore temperature must maintain in that level as possible. The bioreactor design must set the temperature parameter to monitor the temperature. If inside temperature changes by increased or decreased then that must alarm on, then it can adjust manually. Sterility is very important throughout the development of the heart tissue. We used flask and glass vessels with threaded fitting, which is cheap and proved to maintain perfect sterility. To reduce the risk of contamination, make sure all connections before sterilisation and sterilize bottles with correction solutions connected to the vessel, by using either alcohol or stem. The tubing can be placed into the pump head easily after the sterilization. Because contamination of the medium lead to the growth of the heart tissue. Therefore, bioreactor must develop as a semi-closed system. Maintain the small cell culture medium all the time, easy replace the balance amount of the cell culture medium for requirement created by cell seeded as soon as possible. If require in addition to that easy seeding of the additional cells. Maintain the oxygen level in the medium is very essential; therefore, reassure the amount of the oxygen in the medium is enough for the development of the stem cells. When we maintain the pH level in the medium that passively adjust oxygen level in the medium, by enrich the medium with CO2 level up to 5%. The biocompatible substances must use when the designing process of the bioreactor, those substance will not kill the stem cell during the tissue growth. There are many analytic parameters, those must monitor regularly with some sensory methods to alarm if there are any changes occur in the media and correct it manually. Any design bioreactor can have ability to experiment several times with longer period. If there are any alternations, like chan ge the cell culture medium with ingredients needed or changer scaffold materials change those and can perform the process easily. By using roller pump can sucks the cell culture medium from the bioreactor, which leads to stress of the scaffold. This help to stem cell growth towards the heart tissue. This bioreactor must use inside the hospital, for treat each of the hole in the heart patient therefore this must produce low cost heart tissue for the patient. Other than that, there should be very low laboratory involvement and convince for patient and the surgeon. When using this kind of tissue engineering think some social highlight that affect the both quality and quantity of the life. Some religious background this technology is some bad for the life, ethical concern there are some extent to do those kinds of experiment. But medical point of view this is the good solution for treatment of the patient without suffering. In that case be careful of handling with stem cell and other, that will lead to caused critical threat to handler. Conclusions The developed bioreactor has set sterility at least week, with working tool for conducting experiments regarding heart tissue growth. The growth of the heart tissue helps to develop entire heart, which can helpful to many heart diseases. Nutrition concentration must keep in mind when performing the bioreactor process. When the time of the replacing the medium nutrition concentration must maintain, also try to minimize the number of time replacement the medium. Acknowledgment I would like to thank Professor Alicia El Haj, Dr. Nicholas R. Forsyth and Dr. Ying Yang for their support and guidance in completing this study. I would like to special thank Dr. Sun Tao for his support and guidance in completing this study.