Does alternative medicine present a challenge to biomedicine Essay Example

Does alternative medicine present a challenge to biomedicine Essay Alternative medicine such as herbal remedies, Reiki, hypnosis, aromatherapy, and acupuncture are all ancient methods of medicine that have been used to heal patients for centuries. These holistic approaches to medicine are becoming increasingly popular as ways to improve the health and well being of individuals in contemporary societies, now commonly described as complementary medicine. This essay will discuss why people seek alternative or complementary medicine in favour of the conventional biomedical methods. I will then consider whether these holistic treatments challenge scientific medicine, or whether the two approaches can work along side each other. To begin with, I will describe what complementary and alternative medicine is. Complementary medicine is a group of therapeutic and diagnostic disciplines that focus on the individual as whole which contrasts with the biomedical model that views the body and mind as separate from each other. It exists outside the realms of biomedicine and the institutions that teach and provide healthcare based on the scientific approach. Complementary and alternative medicine has been set into groups but it is hard to define where each should go. A report by the House of Lords Select Committee for Science and Technology (2000), divides each therapy into groups ranging from those with a recognised research base, those starting to accumulate a research base, to those with no evidence-based research. There has been an increase in the use of complementary medicine in the fields of those grouped into the researched-based category such as acupuncture, homeopathy, chiropractic, and osteopathy, due to a consistent and coherent epistemology. However, with the best of modern medicine available, why has this increase occurred? We will write a custom essay sample on Does alternative medicine present a challenge to biomedicine specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Does alternative medicine present a challenge to biomedicine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Does alternative medicine present a challenge to biomedicine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One explanation for the increase in popularity is dissatisfaction with conventional medicine. Sharma notes that users of alternative medicine report how scientific drugs do not always work and can cause iatrogenic damage. The biomedical approach focuses on treating and curing the symptoms rather than preventing the cause. This is in contrast to complementary medicine that considers other factors to identify the cause such as lifestyle, environment, diet, and mental health alongside physical symptoms. Emphasis placed on sophisticated technology, pharmaceutical drugs, and surgery often has harmful side effects. Studies have shown that significant numbers of adults in Britain and other countries have used complimentary or alternative therapies. In 1989, the BMJ reported that about one in eight Britons use complimentary therapies. A more recent research study conducted by the BBC has shown that complimentary and alternative medicines are becoming increasingly popular. The number of people using complimentary medicine has doubled over the past six years. The majority of the people surveyed said the main reason they used complementary and alternative medicine was because it worked for them, but other reasons given includes that it was relaxing and that it helped to prevent illness. Practitioners of complementary medicine give longer consultations averaging 1 hour as opposed to 5-7 minutes with a GP. This made patients feel more valued with better communication between themselves and the complementary practitioner. Vickers (2000) notes that recent advances into complementary medicines research show the quality is improving along with sound evidence to support its usage. In addition, medical practitioners in the conventional settings are also recommending patients try some forms of complementary therapies due to the rise of the evidence base. HRH the Prince of Wales and indeed the whole royal family are great believers of holistic medicine. Prince Charles believes many people could benefit from complimentary medicine. The Prince has suggested a national strategy for alternative medicine. By increasing the funding for the Foundation for Integrated Medicine, this could co-ordinate this strategy such as, allocate funding, provide a networking resource, train researchers, disseminate information and monitor research development. He also that more funding should go towards bursaries, fellowships, and research centres within the NHS. Although conventional medicine and complimentary medicine have existed separately, the two are becoming integrated and provided in the same structural site. As Vickers also points out, in 2000 around 40% of GPs in the UK offered access to alternative medicine, osteopathy and chiropractic therapies being the most common. Relaxation classes such as yoga are offered to improve well being in those with mild anxiety or depression. Those who practice osteopathy and chiropractic treatments now registered in these fields with regulatory bodies, often work alongside biomedical practitioners within the NHS. The NHS are calling for more funding for research into complementary medicine in the UK and recently funded two trails of acupuncture for the treatment of chronic pain and help to individuals to stop smoking. The former is proving to be effective although the latter is not so effective. The greening of medicine suggests the two methods working together would force complementary medicine into the biomedical paradigm. It argues this because biomedicine originated from science and scientific studies that are proven and empirical, whereas complementary medicine is viewed as murky. The two methods are very different from another and a different way of thinking about health. The meeting of the two approaches in my opinion can work together effectively as attitudes towards complementary medicine has shifted in emphasis to more of a belief in the empirical evidence that supports its efficacy and effectiveness. Biomedicine was once suspicious of complementary medicine but the two now work closely in research and clinical trials. Complementary medicine and its therapeutic relationship has shown to be effective for a number of reasons, for example patient empowerment and more communication between doctor and patient with longer consultations. To conclude, this essay has highlighted some of the reasons why many people in society prefer to use complementary and alternative methods to improve their health and well being. The increasing trials and a strong evidence base give empowerment to individuals in making decisions about desired health care. In addition, as there is more acceptance within the medical profession with around 1 in 10 GPs now recommending its usage improved access to alternative and complementary therapies under the NHS should be addressed. Not only does it alleviate pressures of an already over stretched health care system in terms of resources and time, some therapies are proven to work and improve the physical health and mental well being of those who use it.

life and death essays

life and death essays Society should pay more attention to animals and their rights. In my opinion, pursuing a vegetarian lifestyle is more humane. Animal cruelty should be publicized so people can be aware of the torture their dinner has gone through. Cows, Chicken, and pigs are the three main animals that we consume. Virgil Butler is a former employee of the Tyson chicken slaughter plant in Grannis, AR. In 2003 Virgil stated I have seen the chickens blinded by the ammonia fumes that build up in the houses. ...Ive seen chickens starve...because their feet were stuck in the muck... Cull the runts [means] pulling their heads off (Butler 1). Its obvious already that no living creature should be treated with such disrespect. Turkey and chicken are genetically altered to grow twice as fast and twice as large as an average turkey or chicken as of 20 years ago. All living creatures should be able to live their live the way most human beings do. Obviously they cant make money or get married, but they should be treated the same, in the fact that animals should not have to live their whole life in a cage, or have to be given hormones so farmers can make more money. There is no reason for man to take the life of a cow or pig for his own nourishment. With knowledge of the food pyramid everyone should be taking in approximately two to three servings a day. One serving is around two ounces; 1 tablespoon (15 milliliters) of peanut butter, plus 1/2 cup (118 milliliters) of cooked dry beans is equal to two ounces. Already you are done with one serving, and no one has to die for it. I wouldnt be able to live off of peanut butter and beans any longer then the next guy, and those arent the only options. Plants also can provide you with protein, and the ones containing the most are : lentils, tofu, nuts, seeds, tempeh, miso, and peas. When becoming a vegetarian you need to also be aware of a vi...

Development strategy to increase overall capacity at Mumbai Dissertation

Development strategy to increase overall capacity at Mumbai International Airport - Dissertation Example Moreover, it will also displace 65000 people. Even the land is not in the government’s possession as yet. Better sites are available yet the government insists on the same place. This research has been conducted to study the strategies adopted to satisfy the demand for the expansion of the airport and whether these strategies are viable in the future also or not. The methodology is the questionnaire and interview methods. Findings reveal that the government may have vested political reasons to insist on the same site. The environment is being damaged, it has safety issues and the size of the airport is not sufficient for the next 25 years. Moreover, the land doesn’t have room for further expansion. Suggestions like taking the matter to the supreme court, looking for new sites, reassessing the current project plan, media involvement and making efficient use of the current airport have been given along with other suggestions to resolve this politically afflicted issue. TA BLE OF CONTENTS Chapter1-Introduction 1 1.1 Chapter introduction 1 1.2 Background 1 1.3 Problem definition 1 1.4 Aims of the Research 2 1.5 Motivation of Author 2 1.6 Hypotheses 3 1.7 Methodology and sources of the data in the research 3 1.8 Layout of the research report 3 Chapter 2-LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 Introductions 5 2.2 Pestle Analysis 6 2.2.1 Political 6 2.2.2 Economic factor 8 2.2.3 Social Factor 9 2.2.4 Technological Factor 9 2.2.5 Legal Factor 10 2.2.6 Ecological Factor 11 2.3 Swot Analysis 12 2.3.1 strengths 12 2.3.2 Weakness 13 2.3.2.1 traffic routes 13 2.3.2.2 increase in fares 14 2.3.2.3 flight landing delays 14 2.3.2.4 Destruction of the environment 15 2.3.2.5 political agendas 15 2.3.3 Opportunities 15 2.3.3.1 better utilization of the current Mumbai airport 15 2.3.3.2 Pouring of FDI 16 2.3.3.3 Development of the tourism industry 16 2.3.4 Threats 17 2.3.4.1 No focus on detail 17 2.3.4.2 airport site 17 2.3.4.3 Future expansion 18 2.3.4.4 Environmental threats 18 Chap ter 3-Methodology 19 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 Researcher’s role 19 3.3 Method 20 3.3.1 Subjects for the research 20 3.3.2 Questionnaire research method 21 3.3.3 Questionnaire type 23 3.3.4 Interview method 24 3.4 Collecting and arranging the data 26 3.5 Trustworthiness of the method 27 3.5.1 Reliability 27 3.5.2 Validity 27 3.5.2.1 Ethical validity 28 3.5.2.2 Generalized validity 28 Chapter 4-Findings and result analysis 29 4.1 Introduction 29 4.2 Hypothesis 1 29 4.3 Hypothesis 2 32 4.4 Hypothesis 3 33 4.5 Hypothesis 4 36 Chapter 5-CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 39 5.1 Conclusion 39 5.2 Recommendations 41 5.2.1 Reassess the project plan 41 5.2.3 Improving the overall commuting system 42 5.2.4 Relocate the airport 42 5.2.5 Environmentalists 42 5.3 Limitations 42 6. Appendix 44 7. References 46 Chapter1-Introduction 1.1 Chapter introduction In chapter one, the introduction to the research paper is given. Along with the introduction, a brief background is also given with the prob lem definition, hypotheses, aims and objectives, methodology and the layout of the entire paper. 1.2 Background The research is on the strategies that have been applied for the expansion of the Mumbai airport. According to Jog (2011), the current airport is reaching exhaustion, as it is not able to accommodate more than 30 million passengers annually. Thus strategies have been formulated to either use this airport more efficiently

M&s clothing business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M&s clothing business report - Essay Example The implication here is that if Marks and Spencer were not attempting to reach out to the more fashion-conscious consumer, its primary competitors would be BHS and Evans. The fact is, however, that the company is trying to reach beyond that particular market as evidenced in the fact that it has hired new designers and has development new fashion lines which target the younger generation of male and female adult fashion consumers (Marks and Spencer, 2007). Within the context of the above stated, Marks and Spencer's primary competitors are Next, Topshop and Gap. These three command the lion's share of the fashion-conscious, working adult clothing market for two reasons. They provide quality clothing at reasonable prices and are perceived of as trendy and fashionable (Marks and Spencer, 2007). Marks and Spencer may be recognised for the first but definitely not for the second. The implication here is that it stands in a weak position vis--vis its primary competitors, largely because of market perceptions. As indicated in the above, Marks and Spencer faces two types of competitors. The first type, related to the older generation fashion market, is comprised of Evans and BHS.

Technology Solutions for Human Services Paper Essay

Technology Solutions for Human Services Paper - Essay Example field of Human Services is broadly defined, uniquely approaching the objective of meeting human needs through an interdisciplinary knowledge base, focusing on prevention as well as remediation of problems, and maintaining a commitment to improving the overall quality of life of service populations. (National Organization for Human Services ,2009) Technology, having its roots in the application of science, can be termed as the type of knowledge that involves the implementation and origin of the technical METHODS AND the way these methods correlate with everything surrounding it such as life, society and the environment. The implications of technology have become a norm in present day world. Men and women alike do not see the passing of any of their days without the involvement of technology in it. If it is said that children born today are born having the spoon of technology in their mouths it would not be incorrect. The advent of technology has greatly improved the everyday living standard of every man in our society. The use of technology brings serious and lasting changes in just about anything concerned. The states of some phenomenon with and without implementation of technology are poles apart. Technology brings influence and enhances the usability. It is the current need of the day to incorporate technology in every aspect of life. Technology has been considered as a vital tool for assisting human services. Execution of a number of human services can be made much easier as the implementation of technology has delivered solutions to quite a number of problems that the human services’ departments are facing the world over. An attempt to classify the problems being faced in the human services’ facilitates of an organization has been made below. Furthermore, it is discussed that how can technology be used to address the problems being faced. Community Development is the process whereby social services are provided for the betterment of humanity on the

Probity, Resilience, and Conscientiousness in Medical Career

Probity, Resilience, and Conscientiousness in Medical Career Research suggests that the attitudes and behaviours that medical students show, or develop at  Medical school, are reasonable predictors of behaviour later in their professional careers. Bearing this in mind, explain the following concepts and outline what relevance they have to you  as a medical student and as a future doctor: Probity, Resilience, and Conscientiousness. The population often have a set of traits in mind when it comes to defining the ideal doctor. [1] The GMC have also defined what is expected of doctors in their publication â€Å"Good medical practice†. [2] In this essay I will explain the concepts of Probity, Resilience and Conscientiousness to allow me to launch into how they are relevant to me as a medical student and a future doctor. Probity is defined by the GMC as being â€Å"honest, trustworthy and acting with integrity†. [3] The importance of Probity is echoed internationally as the National University of Singapore conducted a study, the results of which showed that doctors regarded being honest and trustworthy as the two most important characteristics of medical practitioners. [4] Medical students must demonstrate probity in a variety of ways but I believe a medical student’s probity will most likely be shown by producing original academic work, not plagiarising and flagging up any concerns regarding their clinical work [3] since these, in my opinion, are some of the pits where some students will most likely fall. I personally believe I demonstrated probity during my community based medicine placement when a patient, in a one on one interview, asked me to give him medical advice, which I was in no position to do and so I told him to speak to his doctor about it along with letting him know that I’m not a doctor, but a medical student. A lack of probity in this case will have resulted in the patient receiving advice that might have harmed them regardless of any good intention behind it. Moreover, plagiarism was flagged up by an article where the BMJ suggest that research might show that students don’t have a complete understanding about referencing properly. [5] While this lack of understanding might not mean that the student is dishonest, the aforementioned article highlighted that 56% of students had already or would consider copying text and only listing it as a reference which is clearly plagiarism and so a show of dishonesty. This is relevant to me because research has shown that doctors who have been sanctioned by governmental bodies were three times more likely to have been unprofessional as a medical student than control students. [6] A show of probity is, as such, important from day one in medical school. An example of a situation where a doctorâ€⠄¢s lack of probity caused preventable consequences to a member of the public in addition to likely tarnishing the profession’s reputation in the public eye is the striking case of Doctor Derek Keilloh who maintained a dishonest account of his treatment of an inmate. [7]Another case was that of Dr Holloway who claimed pay for sick leave while pursuing a career in sports commentary. [8] In my opinion, the latter case ties in with and verifies the GMC’s earlier guidance on how students must be honest when working with allocated funds. [2] These two cases demonstrate to me how important it is to show and develop probity as a medical student and maintain it throughout my career or the consequences on patients and staff at the work place can be dire. Conscientiousness is defined as â€Å"wishing to do one’s work or duty well and thoroughly† [9]. Patient interviews highlighted that being â€Å"thorough and persistent† [1] was a trait the ideal doctor possessed. This was echoed by Sister Donna Keenan, Northern Ireland’s nurse of the year 2010. [10] Not performing one’s duty thoroughly is not a new issue amongst the medical profession: A newspaper article from 1952 summarised the case of a surgeon who had left forceps inside a patient causing unnecessary suffering. [14] Looking more recently, the notorious case of the Mid-Staffordshire scandal [11] can be used, in my opinion, to demonstrate a lack of conscientiousness on the part of the guilty staff involved. I think the rise in mortality rates was likely preventable if the staff involved had demonstrated thorough care to their patients. It could also be argued that the lack of whistleblowing in this case was yet another show of medical staff not p erforming their duty persistently and thoroughly since whistleblowing is part of a doctor’s duty, even as a medical student. [3, 11] I believe even the smallest show of conscientiousness can improve a patient’s experience such as when I relayed a patient’s complain regarding his bed-side television malfunctioning to my supervisor during voluntary work: The following week, the patient said that my â€Å"persistence† had allowed him to occupy himself and hence take his mind off his illness to relieve himself. The importance of this trait was highlighted in my mind even further upon reviewing the case of Jesica Santillan who received organs of the wrong blood type, resulting in her death. [12] This case also shows me that such careless practice can impact others as well the patient involved: In Jesica’s case, the organs could have saved another life but they went to waste. Reflecting on all three cases, it is clear that it’s critical for medica l students to develop a sense of conscientiousness if they are to become effective doctors or if they are to, in fact, even pass their examinations in medical school. However, it is worth taking note that research suggests conscientiousness (as measured by the conscientiousness index-CI) did not differ significantly between the first and second years of medical school and so showing it is a trait unaffected by â€Å"teaching and clinical exposure†. [13] This is relevant to me as a student because I believe it highlights that simply going through the first year of medical school will not be sufficient to develop a sense of conscientiousness; while some students might already have a strong sense of conscientiousness, those who don’t will need to seek/be offered support as it is an important characteristic. [13] Resilience is defined as â€Å"the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness†. [15] A report commissioned for the GMC highlighted that a significant proportion of medical students continue to suffer from mental health issues: it was described as endemic. [16] This is backed up by Swedish research showing that depressive symptoms were much more prevalent amongst medical students than the general population, at 12.9%. [17] A more shocking statistic is that, in the same study, 2.7% of students had attempted suicide. [17] The fact that this study was conducted in Sweden demonstrates that stress and depression associated with medical school is widespread around the globe and it would be wise to devise ways to deal with it. Another issue regarding the stress we face, as medical students, is that we often dismiss our deteriorating health as a normal part of life as a medical student. [18] To complicate things further, the stress we face can stem from a variety of reaso ns from performing mediocrely in an exam when we have always been at the top of our peer group to traumatic experiences related to clinical attachments such as patient death. [18, 22] I believe this variety makes the stress much more difficult to deal with. In the light of said stress, it is clear that being resilient will allow students to deal much better with their day to day life as a medical student and future doctor. [19] Not only is this important for the student/doctor themselves, it is also critical as it affects the quality of treatment the patient receives. [20] Students can burnout and this can be modelled conceptually where the â€Å"coping reserve† is positively and negatively affected by several factors which will either lead to burnout or a more resilient individual. [21] As a result, it is clear that devising mechanisms and ways of raising one’s morale and knowing when to seek support is very important in developing the resilience needed. Personally, I ’ve found that speaking to my colleagues and being able to relate to them very stress relieving alongside with phoning my close family to seek advice and generally vent out my concerns. However, I think the main component of my resilience is my active involvement in the sport of boxing which keeps me physically healthy, allows me to de-stress regularly and induces a sense of achievement within me to allow me to focus on my medical life so I can deal with the copious demands of studying Medicine. [23] In conclusion, Probity, Conscientiousness and Resilience are essential qualities medical students and doctors must develop. Probity allows patients to place their trust in the doctors and ensure it’s not abused while allowing the practitioners themselves to feel satisfied with their honest work. Being persistent and thorough with one’s practice will ensure any set tasks/treatment plans are done to an adequate standard. Finally, resilience will ensure that the individual can cope with the demands and challenges posed while still being able to give their best to the tasks at hand and their patients. Consequently, it is vital all three qualities amongst other qualities not covered in this essay are developed throughout one’s professional life. Reference list Miranda Hitti. 7 Key Traits of the Ideal Doctor. [Internet] Available at: http://www.webmd.com/news/20060309/7-key-traits-of-ideal-doctor (accessed 16/11/2014). General Medical Council (GMC). Good Medical Practice, 2013. GMC and Medical Schools Council (MSC). Medical students: professional values and fitness to practise, 2009. Fones CS, Kua EH, Goh LG. What makes a good doctor?views of the medical profession and the public in setting priorities for medical education. Singapore Medical Journal 1998; 39(12): 537-542. [Internet] Available at: http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/10067397 (accessed 16/11/2014). S.C.Rennie, J.R.Crosby. Are â€Å"tomorrows doctors† honest? Questionnaire study exploring medical students attitudes and reported behaviour on academic misconduct. British Medical Journal 2001. [Internet] Available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/322/7281/274 (accessed 16/11/2014). Maxine A. Papadakis, M.D., Arianne Teherani, Ph.D., Mary A. Banach, Ph.D., M.P.H., Timothy R. Knettler, M.B.A., Susan L. Rattner, M.D., David T. Stern, M.D., Ph.D., J. Jon Veloski, M.S., and Carol S. Hodgson, Ph.D. Disciplinary Action by Medical Boards and Prior Behaviour in Medical School. The New England Journal of Medicine 2005. [Internet] Available at: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa052596#t=abstract (accessed 16/11/2014). Clare Dyer. ‘Doctor who denied he saw Iraqi detainee’s injuries is struck off medical register, British Medical Journal. 21 December 2012. [Internet] Available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e8686 (accessed 16/11/2014). Clare Dyer. ‘Doctor who claimed sick leave while working as sports commentator is struck off, British Medical Journal. 27 October 2014. [Internet] Available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g6455 (accessed 16/11/2014). Oxford University Press. Definition of conscientious in English (accessed 23/11/2014) [Internet] Available at: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/conscientious GMC. What makes a good doctor? [Internet ] Available at: http://www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/10058.asp (accessed 23/11/2014) Isobel Weinberg. The Mid Staffs scandal. Student BMJ 2013.[Internet] Available at: http://student.bmj.com/student/view-article.html?id=sbmj.f941#What did the report recommend? (BMJ 2013;346:f847) (Accessed 23/11/2014). Joel D. Howell. ‘A Death Retold: Jesica Santillan, the Bungled Transplant, and Paradoxes of Medical Citizenship (review)’. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 2008; 82(2): 498-499. [Internet] Available at: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/bhm/summary/v082/82.2.howell.html (accessed 23/11/2014). Andrew T Chaytor, Jacqueline Spence, Ann Armstrong and John C McLachlan. ‘Do students learn to be more conscientious at medical school?’ BMC Medical Education 2012, volume 12. [Internet] Available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/12/54 (accessed 23/11/2014) The Advertiser. ‘Doctor Found Negligent In Forceps Case.’ 21 June 1952 [Internet] Available at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47411162 (accessed 23/11/2014) Oxford University Press. Definition of resilience in English (accessed 23/11/2014) [Internet] Available at: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/resilience Andrew Grant, Andrew Rix, Karen Mattick, Debbie Jones, Peter Winter. ‘Identifying good practice among medical schools in the support of students with mental health concerns’ GMC July 2013. Marie Dahlin, Nils Joneborg and Bo Runeson. ‘Stress and depression among medical students: a cross-sectional study’. Medical Education 2005; 39(6): 594-604. [Internet] http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02176.x/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=userIsAuthenticated=false (accessed 23/11/2014). Julie M. Rosenthal, and Susan Okie, M.D. ‘White Coat, Mood Indigo — Depression in Medical School’. The New England Journal of Medicine 2005 [Internet] Available at: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp058183 (accessed 23/11/2014). Amanda Howe, Anna Smajdor and Andrea Stà ¶ckl. ‘Towards an understanding of resilience and its relevance to medical training’. Medical education 2012; 46(4): 349-356. [Internet] Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04188.x/full (accessed 23/11/2014). Fabiana Hirata, Monica Lima, Veralice de Bruin, Paulo Nobrega, Germano Wenceslau and Pedro de Bruin. ‘Depression in Medical School: The Influence of Morningness-Eveningness’. Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara 2007; 24(5): 939-946. [Internet] Available at: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07420520701657730 (accessed 23/11/2014). Dr. Laura B. Dunn M.D., Dr. Alana Iglewicz M.D., Christine Moutier M.D. ‘A Conceptual Model of Medical Student Well-Being: Promoting Resilience and Preventing Burnout’. Academic Psychiatry 2014; 32(1): 44-53. [Internet] Available at: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1176/appi.ap.32.1.44 (accessed 23/11/2014). Haglund, Margaret E.M. MD; aan het Rot, Marije PhD; Cooper, Nicole S. PhD; Nestadt, Paul S.; Muller, David MD; Southwick, Steven M. MD; Charney, Dennis S. MD. ‘Resilience in the Third Year of Medical School: A Prospective Study of the Associations between Stressful Events Occurring During Clinical Rotations and Student Well-Being’. Academic Medicine 2009; 84(2): 258-268. [Internet] Available at: http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/2009/02000/Resilience_in_the_Third_Year_of_Medical_School__A.38.aspx (accessed 23/11/2014). Mental Health Foundation. ‘Exercise and Mental Health’. [Internet] Available at: http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/help-information/mental-health-a-z/E/exercise-mental-health/ (accessed 23/11/2014).

Ghana: The Gold Coast of Africa Essay -- Geography

Ghana: The Gold Coast of Africa The Gold Coast, now known as Ghana, is one of many civilizations of Africa. It was a British Colony until March 6, 1957, when it became independent as the State of Ghana. In 1471, the Portuguese invaded this area and became involved in gold trade, giving the region the name, The Gold Coast. They built forts to protect their monopoly of gold trade from merchants representing other nations. In 1642, the Dutch West India Company captured all Portuguese strong posts and they devoted their interests in slave trading rather than gold trading. In the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, the Gold Coast was one of the chief West African sources of slave export. At the beginning of the Nineteenth Century the countries involved in slave trading began abolishing it as illegal and immoral. The British abolished it in 1807, the Danish is 1804 and the Dutch in 1814. In 1821, British forts were transferred from private ownership to government control. The Gold Coast became a British colony and the new government was known...

Human Population Growth Essay

No matter what organism you are talking about, all living things possess the ability to reproduce. This comes in two forms. The first form of population growth is Exponential Population Growth. The second is Logistic Population Growth. Exponential population growth refers to when a population is not subject to any limiting factors, it will grow and expand exponentially even past the capacity of the environment to sustain. Rabbits are a good example of this form of population growth, â€Å"Thus, the exponential growth model explains how a few dozen rabbits can multiply into millions and overrun a continent. † (Simon, Reece, & Dickey, 2010) Logistic population growth refers to when a population reaches the capacity of the environment to sustain, the population growth declines. Fur seals of St. Paul Island are a good example of this, â€Å"After hunting was controlled, the population increased rapidly until about 1935, when it began to level off and started fluctuating around a population size of about 10,000 bull seals—the carrying capacity for St. Paul Island. † (Simon, Reece, & Dickey, 2010) Humans tend to exhibit exponential forms of population growth. We rapidly reproduce and expand, exceeding the carrying capacity of the environment. This leads to us spreading to other areas and exceeding the carrying capacity there as well.

Extension of the jubilee line Essays

Extension of the jubilee line Essays Extension of the jubilee line Essay Extension of the jubilee line Essay Canary Wharf Canary Wharf tubing station is on the Jubilee Line between Canada Water and North Greenwich. It was opened as an extension of the Jubilee Line on 17th September 1999 and is in Travelcard Zone 2. Canary Wharf is a big office and shopping development composite in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, of East London. Though A ; lsquo ; The Square Mile is the traditional fiscal country of London, Canary Wharf is place to three tallest edifices: One Canada Square, 8 Canada Square and The Citigroup Centre. Major Bankss like Barclays, Credit Suisse, HSBC and Citigroup, jurisprudence houses like Clifford Chance, media houses like Thomsons Reuters and Trinity Mirror are housed in Canary Wharf. The figure of employees working here exceeds 100,000 of whom 25 % unrecorded in Canary Wharf. With an addition in residential population, shopping composites, hotels, eating houses, saloons, wellness attentions and leisure installations, and art galleries continue to turn here. Abundant star hotels in Canary Wharf provide quality service. Canary Wharf is an uncomparable residential and official urban country in the full universe. In fact, 500,000 people shop at Canary Wharf in the weekends. On the site of the West India Docks on the Isle of Dogs, Canary Wharf was built. Michael Von Clemm, former president of Credit Suisse First Boston ( CSFB ) , ab initio converted it as a back office. Then, a pool of investors led by Morgan Stanley was mostly responsible for change overing Canary Wharf into a booming fiscal territory. Hotels In Canary Wharf Tube Station, London There are more than 75 hotels near Canary Wharf tubing station. Many 4-star and 3-star hotels in Canary Wharf offer service that is par excellence. You can happen many well-equipped service flat hotels in Zone 2. The Canary Wharf hotels are impressive in their magnificence and service. The Canary pier hotels cater to the concern conferencing services in a professional mode. Luxury Hotels In Canary Wharf Tube Station, London Hilton London Canary Wharf is a hotel in South Quay, Marsh Wall, London. Located at the bosom of concern, shopping and eating houses, this 4-star hotel has 400 finely equipped suites. This hotel in Zone 2 provides 9 meeting suites, executive suites, executive sofa, concern Centre, sweat room and a secondary school. Britannia International Hotel is a 4-star hotel in Marsh Wall, London. They concentrate on supplying meeting and conference room installations chiefly because this is a hotel near Canary Wharf. This hotel in the East London has 442 en-suite sleeping rooms, 13 conference suites, and elegant eating house called A ; lsquo ; Crompton . Italian Pizzeria, a Conservatory Bar and Jenny s Bar are ideal topographic points to loosen up in London. Radisson Edwardian New Providence Wharf is a hotel in Fairmont Avenue, London. Defined as a 4-star hotel near Canary Wharf tubing station, they provide 169 luxuriously accommodated suites and modern conferencing installations. This hotel in East London offers a host of comfortss like Wi-Fi cyberspace entree, concern Centre, the Azura Restaurant and the East River watering place. Saco @ The Landmark, London is a service-apartment in Marsh Wall, London. This hotel in Zone 2 offers 17 smart flats with Molton Brown toilet articless, and modern-day designed kitchens and dining country. Minc Apartments are one and two sleeping room executive flats in Boardwalk Place, London. This hotel in Zone 2 has 11 suites with sophisticated trappingss, modern kitchen and on site car-parking installation. Marlin Apartments are serviced flats in Byng Street, London. Centrally situated hotel in Canary Wharf makes it a popular hotel. This hotel in East London offers 81 self-serviced flats with epicurean trappingss, broadband cyberspace entree and under floor warming installation. Economic And Mid-Range Hotels Near Canary Wharf Tube Station, London Canary Centre by BridgeStreet Worldwide is a serviced flat in Cassidys Road, London. This hotel in Zone 2 has 100 fashionable sleeping rooms. Large populating country, response, kitchen and dining country makes this a popular hotel near Canary Wharf tubing station. City Stay hotel is a 2-star hotel in Bow Road, London. Offering 17 en-suite adjustments at low-cost monetary values makes this hotel in Zone 2, a often visited one. This hotel near Canary Wharf station offers Continental breakfast at A ; lb ; 4 A ; lb ; 5 per twenty-four hours. De Vere Venues Devonport House is a hotel in King William Walk, London. A unusually beautiful hotel in Zone 2, it is faultless for its magnificence. This hotel near Canary Wharf tubing station offers first-class conferencing, preparation and meeting installations inclusive of free auto parking and internet entree. Basic Budget Hotels Near Canary Wharf Tube Station, London Hour Glass Hotel is a budget hotel in Beaconsfield Road, London. This hotel near Canary Wharf station provides 8 comfy suites in a homely atmosphere. A modern kitchen and shared bathroom installation is available in this hotel in Central London. A ; lb ; 35- A ; lb ; 45 is the approximative monetary value charged by this hotel near Canary Wharf. City Inn Express is a budget hotel in A Mare Street, London. This hotel near the East End Markets offers 22 clean and furnished suites at A ; lb ; 45/night. The Uplands is a little hotel in Crystal Palace Road, London. There are 5 comfy suites in this hotel near the London Eye. The suites are cheap at A ; lb ; 40/night in this hotel near the Canary Wharf Station. It is estimated that more than 40 million people pass the Canary Wharf station, every twelvemonth. The countries around Canary Wharf have become flush. Therefore, Canary Wharf is the strongest symbol of the alteration in economic geographics of the UK. With over 200 dress shops, hotels, stores and eating houses Canary Wharf is a judicious mix of manner, nutrient and concern. The Canary Wharf Tower is a tall and pyramid shaped edifice that light up the Docklands skyline at dark. Some of the popular eating houses are: Itsu, a Nipponese Sushi saloon on Cabot Place East, Chilli s Grill and Bar helping Mexican and American culinary art, Carluccio s for Italian. The favorite saloon articulations are The Slug and Lettuce, All Bar One, Play on Sports and Bar on Fisherman s Walk. Brodie s offers reviewing summer drinks, unrecorded music and a comprehensive bill of fare. Half Moon Young People s, Unicorn and Greenwich are the theaters environing the Canary Wharf station. Business, Fashion, Food and Leisure is the life style of the flush from Canary Wharf.

The Late 19th and Early 20th Century to Build Solidarity

The Late 19th and Early 20th Century to Build Solidarity Introduction From medieval times, the conflict between employers and workers has existed in the labor sector. During the 19th and 20th centuries, labor sectors witnessed a number of transformations. Owing to constant poor working conditions, extended working hours, poor remuneration, and exploitation by employers, workers devised strategies of advocating for their grievances (Yellen, 1974).Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on The Late 19th and Early 20th Century to Build Solidarity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among other strategies, workers formed trade unions and used them to present their grievance collectively to their employers. Historical conflicts between employers and workers have always centered on the struggle for power in the workplace. According to Ashenfelter (1969), states workers perceived that by forming trade unions, they would have a high bargaining power that would enable them to advocate for thei r demands. Despite the presence of labor unions, workers occasionally employed riots and strikes as strategies of advocating for their grievances and enhancing their solidarity. When trade unions and employers failed to reach an agreement on their demands, workers resorted to riots and strikes as effective strategies of advocating for their demands and grievances. Therefore, this thesis argues that labor unions, riots, and strikes were effective strategies that workers employed to enhance their solidarity at their workplace during the industrialization period. Strategies of Solidarity Labor Unions Labor union was one of the effective strategies that workers used in enhancing their solidarity at their workplace. Labor union promoted solidarity and oneness among workers in various organizations and companies. To enhance solidarity among workers, union leaders encouraged them to form unions so that they could undertake collective bargaining of their demands in aspects such as wages, sa laries, working conditions, and contractual terms. According to Wolman (1975), what promoted the growth of trade unions in America was the determination of workers to improve their working conditions and prevent exploitation by employers. In their determination, the founders of trade unions argued that solidarity of the workers was fundamental in enhancing their bargaining power in the labor sector. With enhanced bargaining power, workers were able to advocate for their demands and improve their solidarity. Therefore, labor unions proved to be effective in enhancing solidarity among workers in their workplace.Advertising Looking for thesis on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the ability to increase the bargaining power of workers and enhance their solidarity, labor unions also experienced a number of shortcomings. Johnson (1969) argues that trade unions were capable of causing massive strikes and demo nstrations, which eventually halted the industrial activities and operations. The strikes had a disruptive effect on the growth of industries and countries, as well as on their economies. As labor unions catered for workers who were members of the union only, it resulted in discrimination of those workers who were not members to the unions. Many employers, therefore, hired workers who were not members of the unions and subjected them to atrocities and exploitations that related to work. The discrimination hampered the power of workers’ unity and solidarity in their workplace, which was the core component of the labor union. Riots Workers also employed riots in the 19th and 20th centuries to enhance their solidarity at the workplace. Since riots were very destructive, employers had no alternative except to stop the riots by addressing workers demands and grievances urgently. David (1963) states that the results of the riots were beneficial to the workers as it encouraged them to come together and compelled the employers to address their demands and grievances. However, it was detrimental to the organizations as they incurred losses from these riots. When employees felt that the organization, industry, or company was exploiting them they would organize riots to create a platform that they could use in presenting their grievances to their employers. A good example is the Haymarket riot in 1886, which took place in the state of Chicago. As a result, riots were very instrumental in enhancing solidarity of workers in the workplace during the industrial period. Despite their effectiveness, riots had a number of disadvantages such as widespread destruction of industrial infrastructure and loss of lives. For instance, the Haymarket riot, which took place in the state of Chicago, caused the deaths of seven police officers and four workers.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on The Late 19th and Early 20th Century to Build Solidarity specifica lly for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Riots also affected the growth and the economic development of those areas adjacent to the industries that experienced frequent riots of workers. Riots affected economic activities because businesses and other operations within the vicinity took days or even months to resume normal operations (Foster, 1920). In spite of the destructive nature of riots, workers employ them when portraying their unity and advocating for their demands. Strikes Workers also used strikes as a strategy to enhance their solidarity. When workers felt that their employers were undermining or exploiting them without addressing their grievances and demands properly, they usually organized strikes. The Homestead strike in Pennsylvania is one of the notable strikes used by workers in presenting their views. Strikes brought workers together since it would address their challenges, and thus enabled them achieve their unity and oneness. Lens (1973) a rgues that strikes were beneficial because they compelled employers to address grievances of workers appropriately. Strikes also helped to bring workers together and make them to achieve the much-needed solidarity. Strikes were also instrumental in the creation of labor unions. In this perspective, strikes played a major role in the late 19th century and the early 20th century in enhancing workers’ solidarity at the workplace. Although strikes played an important role in uniting workers and enhancing their solidarity, it had a number of shortcomings. In the late19th century and early 20th century, many economies of countries such as the United States and Britain were highly dependent on industries. According to Olzak (1989), labor unrest and strikes halted worker operations in these industries until employers and workers came to an agreement regarding the demands of workers. The strikes greatly affected the industrial operations in these countries as well as their economies.A dvertising Looking for thesis on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, the strikes also put some workers in a dilemma because they wanted to remain loyal to their employers or abide by the requirements of striking workers, and risk losing their jobs. Another challenge posed by strikes is that small business enterprises sometimes had to close down, since strikes would incur them losses and completely cripple their operations. Despite these shortcomings, strikes were effective in enhancing workers’ solidarity at the workplace. Conclusion Workers’ solidarity was critical in that it created a platform that helped workers to present their grievances and demands to their employers. The solidarity of workers also enhanced strength and bargaining power of workers, thus enabling them to advocate for the improvement of working conditions and remuneration. The solidarity also ensured that workers accessed standard working hours and good working relationships. It is of significant to note that strategies employed by workers in promoting their solidarity in the United States in the 19th and 20th centuries were effective and practical. Hence, a critical aspect is that these strategies reflect on the contemporary societies. References Ashenfelter, O., Pencavel, H. (1969). American trade union growth: 1900-1960. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1(1), 434-448. Coates, D. (2000). Models of capitalism: Growth and stagnation in the modern era. London: Cambridge University Press. David, H. (1963). The History of the Haymarket Affair. New York: Collier Books. Foster, W. Z. (1920). The great steel strike and its lessons. New York: BW Huebsch. Grob, N., Billias, A. (2010). Interpretations of American History: Since 1877. New York: Simon and Schuste. Johnson, G. E., Ashenfelter, O. (1969). Bargaining theory, trade unions, and industrial strike activity. The American Economic Review, 59(1), 35-49. Lens, S. (1973). The labor wars: from the Molly Maguires to the sitdowns. London: Doubleday. Olzak, S. (1989). Labor unrest, i mmigration, and ethnic conflict in urban America, 1880-1914. American Journal of Sociology, 94(6), 1303-1333. Wolman, L. (1975). The Growth of American Trade Unions, 1880-1923. London: Arno Press. Yellen, S. (1974). American labor struggles, 1877-1934. New York: Pathfinder Publishers.

Contemporary issues in marketing-Apple Inc Essay

Contemporary issues in marketing-Apple Inc - Essay Example The intention of this study is Apple Inc, previously known as Apple Computer, Inc., as a multinational corporation based in United States of America. It designs, manufactures as well as markets wide range of electronics and computer products or hardware as well as various computer software. It was established in 1976 in Cupertino, California, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne, although Wayne got dissociated from the company the next year itself. The first product they sold was Apple I personal computer kit, which was actually a motherboard of a computer, and included a CPU, RAM and some video related chips. It was hand-built by Steve Wozniak, and included only the basic components of the today’s computer. After functioning for 30 years as Apple Computer, Inc. it became Apple Inc in 2007, as the company focused on the consumer electronics sectors like Cellphones, in addition to its traditional area of computers. As mentioned above, Apple Inc. started off with compu ters particularly its Macintosh line of computers. From that start, Apple Inc. is now offering wide range of products and that includes Computers, the iPod (both audio and video features), the iPhone and iPad. Other than these hardware products, Apple Inc. also offers software applications like Mac OS X, an operating system for its line of computers, iOS, a operating system for the mobiles, iTunes online store as well as media browser; the iLife a multimedia tool, wide range of apps or applications for iPhones and iPads. Market segmentation The market segments of Apple Inc. does get restricted to particular territories, it sells its products through the world, thus catering to various geographical market categories. However, with the prices of its products mainly in the upper ranges, it does not sell its products maximally in low-cost markets. Although, it sells its products in low Cost markets like least developed and developing countries in Asia, Africa and South America, it does not cover all markets, and sells only minimally. When one views market demographically, as mentioned above, people from different age-groups, different sex, etc. buy its products. The customers of Apple Inc. include people from various sections of the population or various market segments, who want to buy electronics hardware as well as software for their day-to day living, entertainment and also for their professional work as well. As Apple Inc. offers range of day-to-day used products, particularly mobile phones, it is being used by customers of all ages, who want a Smart phone to fulfill their professional commitments as well as entertainment quotient. On the same lines, iPad is being bought by customers who want portable computing for the above mentioned purposes. iPod on the other hand are bought by the customers, particularly in the age segment of 15-35, mainly for entertainment. Along with these, Apple’s other products and softwares are also used by â€Å"professional content creators like authors, musicians, artists, filmmakers who want tools that free them to focus on their art, not the technology† (Chazin 2007). As Apple Inc. offers products constituting different product market categories, its competitors include various companies and products. When one focuses worldwide, the competitors of Apple Inc. in the Personal computer segment are Dell, HP, etc, in Operating systems, it is Microsoft Windows, in mobile phones, it

Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenile Justice - Essay Example Failing to complete the program message or continuing it on a steady platform the ultimate outcome will be the message to be distorted or incomprehensive for the young adult. The quality of delinquency of preventive programs in the school system have been heavily correlated with the outright success of the program all together. When the program is not implemented completely and successfully the outreach of the program on youths is processed at a failing return. An example of a program would be any program where implementation is assessed by organization capacity, organizational support (training, supervision, principal support), program features - manuals, implementation standards, quality control mechanisms, and integration into normal school operations, local initiation, and local planning (D. Gottfredson and G. Gottfredson 5-7). Directing the message with the use of these characteristics can implement a more successful outreach within the school. Aside from delivering positive mes sages to youths there is the likely little or no contributions being made on behalf of the adolescent’s parents.